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Public Health Nutrition Mar 2017Shifting towards a more sustainable food consumption pattern is an important strategy to mitigate climate change. In the past decade, various studies have optimised... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Shifting towards a more sustainable food consumption pattern is an important strategy to mitigate climate change. In the past decade, various studies have optimised environmentally sustainable diets using different methodological approaches. The aim of the present review was to categorise and summarise the different approaches to operationalise the health aspects of environmentally sustainable diets.
DESIGN
Conventional keyword and reference searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge and CAB Abstracts. Inclusion criteria were: (i) English-language publication; (ii) published between 2005 and October 2015; (iii) dietary data collected for the diet as a whole at the national, household or individual level; (iv) comparison of the current diet with dietary scenarios; and (v) for results to consider the health aspect in some way.
SETTING
Consumer diets.
SUBJECTS
Adult population.
RESULTS
We reviewed forty-nine studies that combined the health and environmental aspects of consumer diets. Hereby, five approaches to operationalise the health aspect of the diet were identified: (i) food item replacements; (ii) dietary guidelines; (iii) dietary quality scores; (iv) diet modelling techniques; and (v) diet-related health impact analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the sustainability concept is increasingly popular and widely advocated by nutritional and environmental scientists, the journey towards designing sustainable diets for consumers has only just begun. In the context of operationalising the health aspects, diet modelling might be considered the preferred approach since it captures the complexity of the diet as a whole. For the future, we propose SHARP diets: environmentally Sustainable (S), Healthy (H), Affordable (A), Reliable (R) and Preferred from the consumer's perspective (P).
Topics: Conservation of Natural Resources; Diet; Greenhouse Effect; Humans
PubMed: 27819199
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980016002664 -
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2022
Topics: Diet; Diet, Healthy; Diet, Mediterranean; Health Status; Humans; Longevity
PubMed: 35785550
DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104761 -
Nutrition and Health Sep 2019
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension; Energy Intake; Follow-Up Studies; Humans
PubMed: 31500548
DOI: 10.1177/0260106019874937 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Dec 2021Diet quality indicators (DQIns) are tools that aim to assess an individual's overall diet quality. Previous reviews focused mainly on health-related outcomes but did not... (Review)
Review
Diet quality indicators (DQIns) are tools that aim to assess an individual's overall diet quality. Previous reviews focused mainly on health-related outcomes but did not provide detailed information about components, assessment variables, or important methodological issues for the development and application of DQIns in the pediatric age. The current mapping review aims to provide comprehensive guidance regarding DQIns developed through a priori methodology in children aged ≤14 y that have been applied worldwide. A mapping review was conducted, whereby 1665 original articles describing the development, modifications, and updates of DQIns, published up to June 26, 2020, in English and Spanish, were retrieved. A total of 139 articles were identified and classified into 13 subgroups. There were 10 overall DQIns: Healthy Eating Indexes (n = 25), Dietary Diversity Scores (n = 20), Diet Quality Indexes (n = 16), Food Variety Scores (n = 11), Healthy and Unhealthy Scores (n = 11), Feeding and Eating Indexes (n = 10), Diet Quality Scores (n = 5), Nutritional Adequacy and Micronutrients Indexes (n = 5), Dietary Guidelines Indexes (n = 5), and Other Healthy Diet Indexes (n = 13). Three additional subgroups of dietary and lifestyle indicators found were Mediterranean Diet Indexes (n = 10), Diet-Lifestyle Indexes (n = 5), and Breakfast Quality Indexes (n = 3). This compilation of DQIns will help researchers select the most appropriate tool for future epidemiological studies by considering a careful selection of information about the assessment components, scoring methods, and key methodological issues. The main limitations of this review are that, due to its nature, a risk-of-bias assessment was not performed and the article screening was completed in 2 databases (PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus). More research is needed to identify health-related outcomes associated with DQIns in the pediatric population, using clearer and more standardized methodological criteria.
Topics: Child; Diet; Diet Surveys; Diet, Healthy; Diet, Mediterranean; Eating; Humans; Quality Indicators, Health Care
PubMed: 34192740
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab053 -
Journal of Applied Physiology... May 2022We examined the effects and interactions of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet and voluntary running exercise on bone in older mice. Male 19-mo-old mice were...
We examined the effects and interactions of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet and voluntary running exercise on bone in older mice. Male 19-mo-old mice were divided into four groups by diet (control vs. LCHF) and exercise (sedentary vs. voluntary running). The control diet was 55% carbohydrate, 23% protein, and 22% fat, and the LCHF diet was 10% carbohydrate, 33% protein, and 57% fat as percentages of calories. The experiment ended when the mice reached 24 mo old. Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way analysis of variance with diet and exercise. The LCHF diet decreased bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, and trabecular number. There was no significant interaction between diet and exercise on many bone parameters. However, there were significant diet and exercise interactions on lumbar BMC and tibial trabecular total tissue volume and average cortical thickness. The LCHF diet attenuated the benefit of running exercise on lumbar BMC and caused running to have a negative effect on tibial trabecular total tissue volume. Our study suggests that the LCHF diet impairs bone mass and some trabecular microstructure and reduces the benefit of exercise on lumbar BMC in old mice. An LCHF diet is used in treatment and prevention of diseases or improving exercise performance. However, some studies have shown that an LCHF diet diminishes bone in young rodents. Our study demonstrates that an LCHF diet impairs bone mass and some trabecular microstructure in old mice, which are similar to the previous studies using young rodents. Moreover, our study shows that an LCHF diet reduces the benefit of exercise on lumbar BMC in old mice.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Carbohydrates; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, High-Fat; Energy Intake; Male; Mice; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Running
PubMed: 35358401
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00789.2021 -
American Journal of Health Behavior Mar 2021Determination of trends in diet-related behaviors and their interactions with cardio-metabolic diseases is an important research endeavor. We analyzed food categories,...
Determination of trends in diet-related behaviors and their interactions with cardio-metabolic diseases is an important research endeavor. We analyzed food categories, weight, eating frequency, eating location, cooking methods, time of food intake, dietary knowledge, food preference, nutritional structure over time, and their interaction with cardiometabolic risks, using t tests and χ² tests, based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey packages from 1997 to 2011. Consumption of fruits, dairy products, snacks, fast food, and beverages has increased significantly, as a concomitant and marked decrease in rice consumption has occurred. Food categories, eating frequency, cooking methods, and at-home eating are gradually increasing and diversifying. Persons not only prefer to consume carbohydrate-rich foods like fruits and vegetables, but also enjoy energy-dense foods like meat, snacks, and beverages. There has been a switch from a predominantly plant-based diet to a Western style diet high in fat and animal-based foods. People have undergone significant changes in reducing the intake of energy, carbohydrates, and protein, but significantly increased their fat intake. Chinese dietary patterns and diet-related behaviors have undergone significant transition in the past few decades, trending towards diversification and modernization.
Topics: Animals; China; Diet; Diet, Western; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Humans
PubMed: 33888196
DOI: 10.5993/AJHB.45.2.15 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Feb 2021The US News and World Report (USNWR) conducts an annual review of popular diets: Moderate (reducing energy intake from all food groups, particularly those high in fat...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The US News and World Report (USNWR) conducts an annual review of popular diets: Moderate (reducing energy intake from all food groups, particularly those high in fat and added sugars); Plant-based (excluding food groups, such as animal products); Low-carbohydrate (excluding/limiting carbohydrate-containing foods); and Meal-replacement diets (replacing foods with pre-made, calorie-controlled portions). The goal of this paper was to examine how these diets differ in nutrients, food groups, and diet quality.
METHODS
This study examined the 40 diets rated by physicians and nutritionists for the 2018 USNWR and assessed differences among diets that were categorized by two independent reviewers: Moderate (n = 15), Plant-based (n = 12), Low-carbohydrate (n = 8), and Meal replacement (n = 5). Nutrient, food groups, and diet quality (Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), Healthy Eating Index (HEI)) were assessed from the 2018 USNWR.
RESULTS
There were significant differences among the four diet types for energy; % energy from saturated fat, carbohydrates, and protein; trans fat; sugars; fiber; magnesium; cholesterol; HEI; fruit; total fruit and vegetables; whole grains; total grains; total meat; nuts and seeds; legumes; and total protein foods. Plant-based and Moderate diets, especially the Macrobiotic, Big Loser and Ornish diets, had strongly anti-inflammatory DII scores (-4.82, -4.85 and -4.06, respectively). Moderate (86.9 ± 7.7) and Plant-based (86.1 ± 10.7) diets had significantly higher HEI scores than Low-carbohydrate diets (70.6 ± 15.0; P = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings provide useful information on nutrient adequacy of popular diets. Results indicate that Plant-based and Moderate diets have better dietary quality (HEI, DII) and better nutrient and food group profiles than Low carbohydrate diets.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Energy Intake; Nutrients; Vegetables
PubMed: 33487293
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.10.017 -
Journal of Aging and Health 2022Using comprehensive measures of biological risk, this study aims to investigate the relationship between intake of individual dietary components, overall diet quality,...
Using comprehensive measures of biological risk, this study aims to investigate the relationship between intake of individual dietary components, overall diet quality, and biological dysregulation. We analyzed nationally representative data from 3734 older adults who participated in the Health and Retirement Study Venous Blood Study in 2016 and Health Care and Nutrition Survey in 2013. Eleven out of 13 individual dietary components were associated with lower biological risk. Respondents with poor/suboptimal quality diet had higher biological risk than those with good quality diet. Findings from this study emphasize the importance of healthy eating in improving health of older adults. Encouraging intake of fruits, greens and beans, whole grains, and fatty acids, while limiting consumption of sodium, added sugar, and saturated fat would improve overall diet quality and contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases and morbidity.
Topics: Aged; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Energy Intake; Fruit; Humans; Nutrition Surveys; United States
PubMed: 34779298
DOI: 10.1177/08982643211046818 -
European Journal of Nutrition Dec 2022
Topics: Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Blood Glucose
PubMed: 36190576
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03007-6 -
Nutrients Feb 2022The consumption of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) has diverse effects on health and is expected to have therapeutic value in neurological disorders,... (Review)
Review
The consumption of a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) has diverse effects on health and is expected to have therapeutic value in neurological disorders, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Recent studies have shown that a ketogenic diet not only pronouncedly shifts the cellular metabolism to pseudo-starvation, but also exerts a variety of physiological functions on various organs through metabolites that act as energy substrates, signaling molecules, and epigenetic modifiers. In this review, we highlight the latest findings on the molecular mechanisms of a ketogenic diet and speculate on the significance of these functions in the context of the epigenome and microbiome. Unraveling the molecular basis of the bioactive effects of a ketogenic diet should provide solid evidence for its clinical application in a variety of diseases including cancer.
Topics: Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, High-Fat; Diet, Ketogenic; Humans; Microbiota; Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 35215432
DOI: 10.3390/nu14040782