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Aging Feb 2018
Topics: Diet, Ketogenic; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 29443693
DOI: 10.18632/aging.101382 -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Jan 2021Dietary modification is central to obesity treatment. Weight loss diets are available that include various permutations of energy restriction, macronutrients, foods, and... (Review)
Review
Dietary modification is central to obesity treatment. Weight loss diets are available that include various permutations of energy restriction, macronutrients, foods, and dietary intake patterns. Caloric restriction is the common pathway for weight reduction, but different diets may induce weight loss by varied additional mechanisms, including by facilitating dietary adherence. This narrative Review of meta-analyses and select clinical trials found that lower-calorie diets, compared with higher-calorie regimens, reliably induced larger short-term (<6 months) weight losses, with deterioration of this benefit over the long term (>12 months). Few significant long-term differences in weight loss were observed for diets of varying macronutrient composition, although some regimens were found to have short-term advantages (e.g., low carbohydrate versus low fat). Progress in improving dietary adherence, which is critical to both short- and long-term weight loss, could result from greater efforts to identify behavioral and metabolic phenotypes among dieters.
Topics: Diet, Fat-Restricted; Diet, Reducing; Energy Intake; Humans; Obesity; Weight Loss
PubMed: 33393504
DOI: 10.1172/JCI140065 -
Nutrients Apr 2019Low-carb and ketogenic diets are popular among clinicians and patients, but the appropriateness of reducing carbohydrates intake in obese patients and in patients with... (Review)
Review
Low-carb and ketogenic diets are popular among clinicians and patients, but the appropriateness of reducing carbohydrates intake in obese patients and in patients with diabetes is still debated. Studies in the literature are indeed controversial, possibly because these diets are generally poorly defined; this, together with the intrinsic complexity of dietary interventions, makes it difficult to compare results from different studies. Despite the evidence that reducing carbohydrates intake lowers body weight and, in patients with type 2 diabetes, improves glucose control, few data are available about sustainability, safety and efficacy in the long-term. In this review we explored the possible role of low-carb and ketogenic diets in the pathogenesis and management of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Furthermore, we also reviewed evidence of carbohydrates restriction in both pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, through gut microbiota modification, and treatment of type 1 diabetes, addressing the legitimate concerns about the use of such diets in patients who are ketosis-prone and often have not completed their growth.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Ketogenic; Humans
PubMed: 31035514
DOI: 10.3390/nu11050962 -
Nutrients May 2021Adverse food reactions include immune-mediated food allergies and non-immune-mediated intolerances. However, this distinction and the involvement of different... (Review)
Review
Adverse food reactions include immune-mediated food allergies and non-immune-mediated intolerances. However, this distinction and the involvement of different pathogenetic mechanisms are often confused. Furthermore, there is a discrepancy between the perceived vs. actual prevalence of immune-mediated food allergies and non-immune reactions to food that are extremely common. The risk of an inappropriate approach to their correct identification can lead to inappropriate diets with severe nutritional deficiencies. This narrative review provides an outline of the pathophysiologic and clinical features of immune and non-immune adverse reactions to food-along with general diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Special emphasis is placed on specific nutritional concerns for each of these conditions from the combined point of view of gastroenterology and immunology, in an attempt to offer a useful tool to practicing physicians in discriminating these diverging disease entities and planning their correct management. We conclude that a correct diagnostic approach and dietary control of both immune- and non-immune-mediated food-induced diseases might minimize the nutritional gaps in these patients, thus helping to improve their quality of life and reduce the economic costs of their management.
Topics: Diet Therapy; Food; Food Hypersensitivity; Food Intolerance; Humans; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 34068047
DOI: 10.3390/nu13051638 -
Current Gastroenterology Reports Nov 2017The purpose of this paper is to review the epidemiology of obesity and the most recent literature on popular fad diets and exercise regimens that are used for weight... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The purpose of this paper is to review the epidemiology of obesity and the most recent literature on popular fad diets and exercise regimens that are used for weight loss. The weight loss plans that will be discussed in this article include juicing or detoxification diets, intermittent fasting, the paleo diet, and high intensity training.
RECENT FINDINGS
Despite the growing popularity of fad diets and exercise plans for weight loss, there are limited studies that actually suggest these particular regimens are beneficial and lead to long-term weight loss. Juicing or detoxification diets tend to work because they lead to extremely low caloric intake for short periods of time, however tend to lead to weight gain once a normal diet is resumed. Both intermittent fasting and the paleo diet lead to weight loss because of overall decreased caloric intake as well. Lastly, studies on short bursts of high intensity training have shown remarkable weight loss and improvements in cardiovascular health. Review of the literature does suggest that some fad diets and exercise plans do lead to weight loss; however, the studies are quite limited and are all based on the concept of caloric restriction.
Topics: Caloric Restriction; Diet, Paleolithic; Diet, Reducing; Exercise; Fasting; Humans; Obesity; Weight Loss
PubMed: 29124370
DOI: 10.1007/s11894-017-0603-8 -
Nutrients Jun 2020Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects >10% of the adult population. Each year, approximately 120,000 Americans develop end-stage kidney disease and initiate dialysis,... (Review)
Review
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects >10% of the adult population. Each year, approximately 120,000 Americans develop end-stage kidney disease and initiate dialysis, which is costly and associated with functional impairments, worse health-related quality of life, and high early-mortality rates, exceeding 20% in the first year. Recent declarations by the World Kidney Day and the U.S. Government Executive Order seek to implement strategies that reduce the burden of kidney failure by slowing CKD progression and controlling uremia without dialysis. Pragmatic dietary interventions may have a role in improving CKD outcomes and preventing or delaying dialysis initiation. Evidence suggests that a patient-centered plant-dominant low-protein diet (PLADO) of 0.6–0.8 g/kg/day composed of >50% plant-based sources, administered by dietitians trained in non-dialysis CKD care, is promising and consistent with the precision nutrition. The scientific premise of the PLADO stems from the observations that high protein diets with high meat intake not only result in higher cardiovascular disease risk but also higher CKD incidence and faster CKD progression due to increased intraglomerular pressure and glomerular hyperfiltration. Meat intake increases production of nitrogenous end-products, worsens uremia, and may increase the risk of constipation with resulting hyperkalemia from the typical low fiber intake. A plant-dominant, fiber-rich, low-protein diet may lead to favorable alterations in the gut microbiome, which can modulate uremic toxin generation and slow CKD progression, along with reducing cardiovascular risk. PLADO is a heart-healthy, safe, flexible, and feasible diet that could be the centerpiece of a conservative and preservative CKD-management strategy that challenges the prevailing dialysis-centered paradigm.
Topics: Conservative Treatment; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Diet, Vegetarian; Humans; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 32610641
DOI: 10.3390/nu12071931 -
Diabetes/metabolism Research and Reviews Nov 2019Type 2 diabetes can be managed with the use of diabetes self-management skills. Diet and exercise are essential segments of the lifestyle changes necessary for diabetes... (Review)
Review
Type 2 diabetes can be managed with the use of diabetes self-management skills. Diet and exercise are essential segments of the lifestyle changes necessary for diabetes management. However, diet recommendations can be complicated in a world full of different diets. This review aims to evaluate the evidence on the effects of three popular diets geared towards diabetes management: low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diet, vegan diet, and the Mediterranean diet. While all three diets have been shown to assist in improving glycaemic control and weight loss, patient adherence, acceptability, and long-term manageability play essential roles in the efficacy of each diet.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Diabetic; Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Vegetarian; Health Behavior; Humans; Patient Compliance; Weight Loss
PubMed: 31121637
DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3188 -
The Lancet. Gastroenterology &... Nov 2020Patients with gastroparesis often have signs and symptoms including nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort, and early satiety, thus leading to inadequate food intake... (Review)
Review
Patients with gastroparesis often have signs and symptoms including nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort, and early satiety, thus leading to inadequate food intake and a high risk of malnutrition. There is a considerable scarcity of data about nutritional strategies for gastroparesis, and current practices rely on extrapolated evidence. Some approaches include the modification of food composition, food consistency, and food volume in the context of delayed gastric emptying. If the patient is unable to consume adequate calories through a solid food diet, stepwise nutritional interventions could include the use of liquid meals, oral nutrition supplements, enteral nutrition, and parenteral nutrition. This Review discusses the role, rationale, and current evidence of diverse nutritional interventions in the management of gastroparesis.
Topics: Diet Therapy; Gastroparesis; Humans; Malnutrition; Nutritional Support
PubMed: 33065041
DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30078-9 -
Nutrients Aug 2020Epilepsy is a chronic and debilitating neurological disorder, with a worldwide prevalence of 0.5-1% and a lifetime incidence of 1-3%. An estimated 30% of epileptic... (Review)
Review
Epilepsy is a chronic and debilitating neurological disorder, with a worldwide prevalence of 0.5-1% and a lifetime incidence of 1-3%. An estimated 30% of epileptic patients continue to experience seizures throughout life, despite adequate drug therapy or surgery, with a major impact on society and global health. In recent decades, dietary regimens have been used effectively in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy, following the path of a non-pharmacological approach. The ketogenic diet and its variants (e.g., the modified Atkins diet) have an established role in contrasting epileptogenesis through the production of a series of cascading events induced by physiological ketosis. Other dietary regimens, such as caloric restriction and a gluten free diet, can also exert beneficial effects on neuroprotection and, therefore, on refractory epilepsy. The purpose of this review was to analyze the evidence from the literature about the possible efficacy of different dietary regimens on epilepsy, focusing on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, safety, and tolerability both in pediatric and adult population. We believe that a better knowledge of the cellular and molecular biochemical processes behind the anticonvulsant effects of alimentary therapies may lead to the development of personalized dietary intervention protocols.
Topics: Diet, Gluten-Free; Diet, Ketogenic; Diet, Reducing; Epilepsy; Humans
PubMed: 32872661
DOI: 10.3390/nu12092645 -
Current Opinion in Endocrinology,... Oct 2020Ketogenic diets, which have been used to treat drug-refractory paediatric epilepsy for over 100 years, are becoming increasingly popular for the treatment of other... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Ketogenic diets, which have been used to treat drug-refractory paediatric epilepsy for over 100 years, are becoming increasingly popular for the treatment of other neurological conditions, including mental illnesses. We aim to explain how ketogenic diets can improve mental illness biopathology and review the recent clinical literature.
RECENT FINDINGS
Psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and binge eating disorder, are neurometabolic diseases that share several common mechanistic biopathologies. These include glucose hypometabolism, neurotransmitter imbalances, oxidative stress and inflammation. There is strong evidence that ketogenic diets can address these four fundamental diseases, and now complementary clinical evidence that ketogenic diets can improve the patients' symptoms.
SUMMARY
It is important that researchers and clinicians are made aware of the trajectory of the evidence for the implementation of ketogenic diets in mental illnesses, as such a metabolic intervention provides not only a novel form of symptomatic treatment, but one that may be able to directly address the underlying disease mechanisms and, in so doing, also treat burdensome comorbidities (see Video, Supplementary Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/COE/A16, which summarizes the contents of this review).
Topics: Age of Onset; Child; Diet, Ketogenic; Glucose; Humans; Mental Disorders; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 32773571
DOI: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000564