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Journal of the Science of Food and... Jan 2016Lipid oxidation is one of the major causes of quality deterioration in natural and processed foods and thus a large economic concern in the food industry. Phospholipids,... (Review)
Review
Lipid oxidation is one of the major causes of quality deterioration in natural and processed foods and thus a large economic concern in the food industry. Phospholipids, especially lecithins, are already widely used as natural emulsifiers and have been gaining increasing interest as natural antioxidants to control lipid oxidation. This review summarizes the fatty acid composition and content of phospholipids naturally occurring in several foods. The role of phospholipids as substrates for lipid oxidation is discussed, with a focus on meats and dairy products. Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms of phospholipids are also discussed to get a better understanding of the possible opportunities for using phospholipids as food antioxidants.
Topics: Antioxidants; Diet; Fatty Acids; Humans; Lecithins; Lipid Peroxidation; Phospholipids; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 26108454
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7320 -
Nutrients May 2021Dietary intakes of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids (FAs) have been inconsistently associated with puberty timing. We examined longitudinal...
Dietary intakes of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids (FAs) have been inconsistently associated with puberty timing. We examined longitudinal associations of prepubertal dietary and plasma phospholipid FAs with several puberty timing traits in boys and girls. In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, prepubertal fat intakes at 3-7.5 years and plasma phospholipid FAs at 7.5 years were measured. Timings of Tanner stage 2 genital or breast development and voice breaking or menarche from repeated reports at 8-17 years, and age at peak height velocity (PHV) from repeated height measurements at 5-20 years were estimated. In linear regression models with adjustment for maternal and infant characteristics, dietary substitution of polyunsaturated FAs for saturated FAs, and higher concentrations of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n6) and palmitoleic acid (16:1n7) were associated with earlier timing of puberty traits in girls ( = 3872) but not boys ( = 3654). In Mendelian Randomization models, higher genetically predicted circulating dihomo-γ-linolenic acid was associated with earlier menarche in girls. Based on repeated dietary intake data, objectively measured FAs and genetic causal inference, these findings suggest that dietary and endogenous metabolic pathways that increase plasma dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, an intermediate metabolite of n-6 polyunsaturated FAs, may promote earlier puberty timing in girls.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Diet; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Phospholipids; Puberty; Time; Young Adult
PubMed: 34070864
DOI: 10.3390/nu13061868 -
Journal of Cellular and Molecular... Feb 2019Insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet and impropriate life style is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. However, the underlying molecular... (Review)
Review
Insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet and impropriate life style is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Recent studies in metabolic dysfunction have extended this beyond simply elevated cholesterol and triglycerides levels and have identified a key role for lipid metabolism. For example, altered phospholipid metabolism has now become central in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. In this review, we discuss the association between insulin sensitivity and phospholipid metabolism and highlight the most significant discoveries generated over the last several decades. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge surrounding the molecular mechanisms related to phospholipids and insulin resistance and provide new insight for future research into their relationship.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; Glucose; Glycerophospholipids; Glycosphingolipids; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolic Diseases; Obesity; Phospholipids; Triglycerides; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 30402908
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13984 -
Nature Reviews. Endocrinology Feb 2017Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease form a metabolic disease continuum that has seen a dramatic increase in prevalence in... (Review)
Review
Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease form a metabolic disease continuum that has seen a dramatic increase in prevalence in developed and developing countries over the past two decades. Dyslipidaemia resulting from hypercaloric diets is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease, and lipid-lowering therapies are the main therapeutic option for this group of disorders. However, the fact that dysfunctional lipid metabolism extends far beyond cholesterol and triglycerides is becoming increasingly clear. Lipidomic studies and mouse models are helping to explain the complex interactions between diet, lipid metabolism and metabolic disease. These studies are not only improving our understanding of this complex biology, but are also identifying potential therapeutic avenues to combat this growing epidemic. This Review examines what is currently known about phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism in the setting of obesity and how metabolic pathways are being modulated for therapeutic effect.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dyslipidemias; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolic Diseases; Phospholipids; Sphingolipids
PubMed: 27767036
DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.169 -
Nutrients Dec 2020Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) consumed in low abundance in the Western diet. Increased... (Review)
Review
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) consumed in low abundance in the Western diet. Increased consumption of n-3 PUFAs may have beneficial effects for a wide range of physiological outcomes including chronic inflammation. However, considerable mechanistic gaps in knowledge exist about EPA versus DHA, which are often studied as a mixture. We suggest the novel hypothesis that EPA and DHA may compete against each other through overlapping mechanisms. First, EPA and DHA may compete for residency in membrane phospholipids and thereby differentially displace n-6 PUFAs, which are highly prevalent in the Western diet. This would influence biosynthesis of downstream metabolites of inflammation initiation and resolution. Second, EPA and DHA exert different effects on plasma membrane biophysical structure, creating an additional layer of competition between the fatty acids in controlling signaling. Third, DHA regulates membrane EPA levels by lowering its rate of conversion to EPA's elongation product n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. Collectively, we propose the critical need to investigate molecular competition between EPA and DHA in health and disease, which would ultimately impact dietary recommendations and precision nutrition trials.
Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Diet; Diet, Western; Dietary Supplements; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Humans; Inflammation; Phospholipids
PubMed: 33276463
DOI: 10.3390/nu12123718 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise a distinct set of clinical symptoms resulting from chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Despite the... (Review)
Review
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise a distinct set of clinical symptoms resulting from chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Despite the significant progress in understanding the etiology and development of treatment strategies, IBD remain incurable for thousands of patients. Metabolic deregulation is indicative of IBD, including substantial shifts in lipid metabolism. Recent data showed that changes in some phospholipids are very common in IBD patients. For instance, phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)/PC ratios are associated with the severity of the inflammatory process. Composition of phospholipids also changes upon IBD towards an increase in arachidonic acid and a decrease in linoleic and a-linolenic acid levels. Moreover, an increase in certain phospholipid metabolites, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide, can result in enhanced intestinal inflammation, malignancy, apoptosis or necroptosis. Because some phospholipids are associated with pathogenesis of IBD, they may provide a basis for new strategies to treat IBD. Current attempts are aimed at controlling phospholipid and fatty acid levels through the diet or via pharmacological manipulation of lipid metabolism.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Lipid Metabolism; Phospholipids
PubMed: 34769112
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111682 -
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal... Jul 2023Milk fat globules (MFGs) surround the triacylglycerol core that composes milk fat. The aim of this study is to induce milk fat depression via dietary conjugated...
Milk fat globules (MFGs) surround the triacylglycerol core that composes milk fat. The aim of this study is to induce milk fat depression via dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation to study MFG size parameters, number and glycerophospholipid composition. Eighteen Holstein dairy cows (136 ± 28 days in milk, 571 ± 37.9 kg body weight, 27.6 ± 2.1 kg milk/day) were selected and randomly assigned to a control or CLA group for a 14-day period. Cows were fed a basal diet (control, n = 8) or the control plus 400 g/day CLA (C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 38.1% and C18:2 trans-10, cis-12 36.8%) (n = 10) for 7 days after which the CLA group was switched to the basal diet for another 7 days along with the control group. Cow performance, milk composition, MFG size and numbers were measured daily. On the seventh day after the start of the experiment, milk samples were identified and the quantification of glycerophospholipid compounds, and RNA were isolated from milk fat samples for a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Compared with control, at Day 7 from the start of feeding, supplemental CLA did not affect milk production (28.09 vs. 28.50 kg/day), dry matter intake (14.9 vs. 15.4 kg/day), or milk protein (3.55/100 vs. 3.70 g/100 ml) and lactose contents (5.11/100 vs. 5.17 g/100 ml). However, although the specific surface area of MFG (2138 vs. 1815 m²/kg) was greater, CLA reduced milk fat content (1.95/100 vs 3.64 g/100 ml on Day 7) and particle size parameters of MFG. The number of MFG gradually decreased until Day 7 of feeding, and then increased by Day 14 (2.96 × 10 on Day 1, 1.63 × 10 on Day 7 and 2.28 × 10 on Day 14) in the CLA group. Compared with control, glycerophospholipid analysis revealed that concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (PC) (e.g., PC [16:0/18:1] 20322 vs. 29793 nmol/L), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (e.g., LPE [18:1] 956 vs. 4610 nmol/L) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (e.g., PE [16:0/18:1] 7000 vs. 9769 nmol/L) in milk lipids decreased during CLA feeding. In contrast, concentrations of phosphatidylinositol (PI) (e.g., PI [18:0/18:1] 4052 vs. 1799 nmol/L) and phosphatidylserine (PS) (e.g., PS [18:1/18:2] 9500 vs. 6843 nmol/L) increased. The messenger RNA abundance of fatty acid synthase, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 and phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, alpha (PCYT1A) were downregulated in the CLA group, confirming published data demonstrating a negative effect of CLA on lipogenesis in the mammary gland. Overall, these results provided evidence for the important role of lipogenic gene expression in the regulation of MFG size, number and glycerophospholipid composition.
Topics: Female; Animals; Cattle; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Lactation; Fatty Acids; Phospholipids; Diet; Glycerophospholipids; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36353940
DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13788 -
Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) Feb 2018The purpose of this review is to discuss the structural and physiological changes that underlie age-related neuromuscular dysfunction and to summarize current evidence... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this review is to discuss the structural and physiological changes that underlie age-related neuromuscular dysfunction and to summarize current evidence on the potential role of nutritional interventions on neuromuscular dysfunction-associated pathways. Age-related neuromuscular deficits are known to coincide with distinct changes in the central and peripheral nervous system, in the neuromuscular system, and systemically. Although many features contribute to the age-related decline in neuromuscular function, a comprehensive understanding of their integration and temporal relationship is needed. Nonetheless, many nutrients and ingredients show promise in modulating neuromuscular output by counteracting the age-related changes that coincide with neuromuscular dysfunction. In particular, dietary supplements, such as vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, creatine, and dietary phospholipids, demonstrate potential in ameliorating age-related neuromuscular dysfunction. However, current evidence seldom directly assesses neuromuscular outcomes and is not always in the context of aging. Additional clinical research studies are needed to confirm the benefits of dietary supplements on neuromuscular function, as well as to define the appropriate population, dosage, and duration for intervention.
Topics: Aging; Creatine; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Neuromuscular Junction; Phospholipids; Sarcopenia; Valerates; Vitamin D
PubMed: 29804584
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.02.006 -
Clinical Biochemistry Sep 2018Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a glycerylether lipid and one of the most potent endogenous mediators of inflammation. Through its binding to a well-characterized... (Review)
Review
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a glycerylether lipid and one of the most potent endogenous mediators of inflammation. Through its binding to a well-characterized receptor it initiates a plethora of cellular pro-inflammatory actions participating by this way to the pathology of most chronic diseases, including cardiovascular and renal diseases, CNS decline and cancer. Among the variety of prudent dietary patterns, Mediterranean Diet (MD) is the dietary pattern with the strongest evidence for its ability to prevent the same chronic diseases. In addition, micronutrients and extracts from several components and characteristic food of the MD can favorably modulate PAF's actions and metabolism either directly or indirectly. However, the role of this traditional diet on PAF metabolism and actions has rarely been studied before. This systematic review summarizes, presents and discusses the outcomes of epidemiologic and intervention studies in humans, investigating the relationships between PAF status and MD. Seventeen full-text articles trying to interlink the components of MD and PAF are found and presented. The results are inconsistent due to the variability of the measured indices and methodology followed. However, preliminary results indicate that the characteristic "healthy" components of the MD, especially, cereals, legumes, vegetables, fish and wine can favorably modulate the pro-inflammatory actions of PAF and regulate its metabolism. Larger, well-controlled studies are necessary to elucidate whether the attenuation of PAF actions can mediate the preventive properties of MD against chronic diseases.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Chronic Disease; Diet, Mediterranean; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Platelet Activating Factor
PubMed: 30142319
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.08.004 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jul 2016The trimethylamine-containing nutrient phosphatidylcholine is the major dietary source for the gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which has been...
BACKGROUND
The trimethylamine-containing nutrient phosphatidylcholine is the major dietary source for the gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which has been related to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and mortality. Previous research suggested that the relation of TMAO with CVD risk might be stronger in diabetic than in nondiabetic populations. However, the evidence for an association of dietary phosphatidylcholine with CVD and mortality is limited.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to examine whether dietary consumption of phosphatidylcholine, which is mainly derived from eggs, red meat, and fish, is related to all-cause and CVD mortality in 2 cohorts of US women and men. In particular, we also tested if such an association was modified by diabetes status.
DESIGN
We followed 80,978 women from the Nurses' Health Study (1980-2012) and 39,434 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2012), who were free of cancer and CVD at baseline, for mortality. Dietary intakes and potential confounders were assessed with regularly administered questionnaires. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate HRs and 95% CIs.
RESULTS
We documented 17,829 all-cause and 4359 CVD deaths during follow-up. After multivariate adjustment for potential confounders, including demographic factors, disease status, lifestyle, and dietary intakes, higher phosphatidylcholine intakes were associated with an increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. HRs (95% CIs) comparing the top and bottom quintiles of phosphatidylcholine intake were 1.11 (1.06, 1.17; P-trend across quintiles < 0.0001) for all-cause mortality and 1.26 (1.15, 1.39; P-trend < 0.0001) for CVD mortality in the combined data of both cohorts. The associations of phosphatidylcholine with all-cause and CVD mortality were stronger in diabetic than in nondiabetic participants (P-interaction = 0.0002 and 0.001, respectively).
CONCLUSION
These data suggest that higher phosphatidylcholine consumption is associated with increased all-cause and CVD mortality in the US population, especially in patients with diabetes, independent of traditional risk factors.
Topics: Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Complications; Diet; Female; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Phosphatidylcholines; Risk Factors; United States
PubMed: 27281307
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.131771