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Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Jan 2020The successive acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases and acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases produces phosphatidic acid... (Review)
Review
The successive acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases and acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases produces phosphatidic acid (PA), a precursor for CDP-diacylglycerol-dependent phospholipid synthesis. PA is further dephosphorylated by LIPINs to produce diacylglycerol (DG), a substrate for the synthesis of triglyceride (TG) by DG acyltransferases and a precursor for phospholipid synthesis via the CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine (Kennedy) pathways. The channeling of fatty acids into TG for storage in lipid droplets and secretion in lipoproteins or phospholipids for membrane biogenesis is dependent on isoform expression, activity and localization of G3P pathway enzymes, as well as dietary and hormonal and tissue-specific factors. Here, we review the mechanisms that control partitioning of substrates into lipid products of the G3P pathway.
Topics: Acylation; Animals; Fatty Acids; Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase; Glycerophosphates; Glycerophospholipids; Humans; Lipid Droplets; Lipogenesis; Signal Transduction; Triglycerides
PubMed: 30959116
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.03.010 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jan 2023Dairy consumption is inversely related to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in epidemiological research. One proposed hypothesis is that phospholipid (PL) species... (Review)
Review
Graduate Student Literature Review: A scoping review on the impact of consumption of dairy products on phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine in circulation and the liver in human studies and animal models.
Dairy consumption is inversely related to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in epidemiological research. One proposed hypothesis is that phospholipid (PL) species associated with dairy consumption mediate this relationship. This scoping review aimed to identify the existing literature in animal and human trials investigating the impact of dairy products, including milk, yogurt, and cheese as well as dairy-derived PL supplementation on PL and its species in the circulation, summarizing the characteristics of these studies and identifying research gaps. A systematic search was conducted across 3 databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) in March 2021. Of 2,427 identified references, 15 studies (7 humans and 8 animal studies) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final narrative synthesis. The evidence base was heterogeneous, involving a variety of clinical and preclinical studies, metabolically healthy or obese/diabetic participants or animal models, and displayed mixed findings. Circulating postprandial concentrations of total PL were elevated acutely but unchanged after longer intervention with dairy products. The PL concentration remained stable even after a high dosage of milk supplemented with dairy-derived PL, which may be related to increased fecal excretion; however, certain phosphatidylcholine (PC) or lysophosphatidylcholine species were increased in circulation by interventions. These include several PC species with 32 to 38 total carbons in addition to the dairy biomarkers C15:0 and C17:0. The results of this scoping review demonstrate a small body of literature indicating that dairy products can influence blood concentrations of PC and lysophosphatidylcholine species in both rodents and humans without alteration of total PL and PC. There is a lack of well-designed trials in humans and animals that explore the potential differences between individual dairy foods on PL species. In addition, trials to understand the bioactive properties of PC and lysophosphatidylcholine species on cardiometabolic risk are needed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Dairy Products; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Liver; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Milk; Models, Animal; Phosphatidylcholines; Students; Yogurt
PubMed: 36400621
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21938 -
Nutrients Aug 2023This feeding trial evaluated the impact of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on changes in plasma choline, choline metabolites, and ceramides in obese... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
This feeding trial evaluated the impact of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on changes in plasma choline, choline metabolites, and ceramides in obese older adults; 28 adults consumed 3oz (n = 15) or 6oz (n = 13) of beef within a standardized DASH diet for 12 weeks. Plasma choline, betaine, methionine, dimethylglycine (DMG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphotidylcholine (LPC), sphingomyelin, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), L-carnitine, ceramide, and triglycerides were measured in fasted blood samples. Plasma LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species were also quantified. In response to the study diet, with beef intake groups combined, plasma choline decreased by 9.6% ( = 0.012); DMG decreased by 10% ( = 0.042); PC decreased by 51% ( < 0.001); total LPC increased by 281% ( < 0.001); TMAO increased by 26.5% ( < 0.001); total ceramide decreased by 22.1% ( < 0.001); and triglycerides decreased by 18% ( = 0.021). All 20 LPC species measured increased ( < 0.01) with LPC 16:0 having the greatest response. Sphingomyelin 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 increased (all < 0.001) by 10.4%, 22.5%, and 24%, respectively. In contrast, we observed that sphingomyelin 24:0 significantly decreased by 10%. Ceramide 22:0 and 24:0 decreased by 27.6% and 10.9% ( < 0.001), respectively, and ceramide 24:1 increased by 36.8% ( = 0.013). Changes in choline and choline metabolites were in association with anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes. These findings show the impact of the DASH diet on choline metabolism in older adults and demonstrate the influence of diet to modify circulating LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Ceramides; Choline; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension; Lecithins; Meat; Sphingomyelins
PubMed: 37686719
DOI: 10.3390/nu15173687 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2017Milk is one of the most important foods for mammals, because it is the first form of feed providing energy, nutrients and immunological factors. In the last few years,... (Review)
Review
Milk is one of the most important foods for mammals, because it is the first form of feed providing energy, nutrients and immunological factors. In the last few years, milk lipids have attracted the attention of researchers due to the presence of several bioactive components in the lipid fraction. The lipid fraction of milk and dairy products contains several components of nutritional significance, such as ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, CLA, short chain fatty acids, gangliosides and phospholipids. Prospective cohort evidence has shown that phospholipids play an important role in the human diet and reinforce the possible relationship between their consumption and prevention of several chronic diseases. Because of these potential benefits of phospholipids in the human diet, this review is focused on the recent advances in phospholipids from colostrum, milk and dairy by-products. Phospholipid composition, its main determination methods and the health activities of these compounds will be addressed.
Topics: Animals; Colostrum; Dairy Products; Diet; Humans; Inflammation; Milk; Neoplasms; Nervous System Diseases; Phospholipids
PubMed: 28106745
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010173 -
Adipocyte Dec 2022Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that interacts via 5 G-protein coupled receptors, S1PR1-5, to regulate signalling pathways critical to...
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that interacts via 5 G-protein coupled receptors, S1PR1-5, to regulate signalling pathways critical to biological processes including cell growth, immune cell trafficking, and inflammation.We demonstrate that in Type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects, plasma S1P levels significantly increased in response to the anti-diabetic drug, rosiglitazone, and, S1P levels correlated positively with measures of improved glucose homeostasis. In HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 J mice S1PR3 gene expression was increased in adipose tissues (AT) and liver compared with low fat diet (LFD)-fed counterparts. On a HFD, weight gain was similar in both S1PR3-/- mice and WT littermates; however, HFD-fed S1PR3-/- mice exhibited a phenotype of partial lipodystrophy, exacerbated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. This worsened metabolic phenotype of HFD-fed S1PR3-/- mice was mechanistically linked with increased adipose inflammation, adipose macrophage and T-cell accumulation, hepatic inflammation and hepatic steatosis. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes S1P increased adipogenesis and S1P-S1PR3 signalling regulated the expression of PPARγ, suggesting a novel role for this signalling pathway in the adipogenic program. These results reveal an anti-diabetic role for S1P, and, that S1P-S1PR3 signalling in the adipose and liver defends against excessive inflammation and steatosis to maintain metabolic homeostasis at key regulatory pathways.
Topics: Animals; Biological Phenomena; Diet, High-Fat; Fatty Liver; Humans; Inflammation; Lysophospholipids; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Sphingosine; Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors
PubMed: 35094654
DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.2021700 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2021Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis is used to measure the microbial biomass and the phospholipids present in the environmental samples. Microalgae spirulina is...
Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis is used to measure the microbial biomass and the phospholipids present in the environmental samples. Microalgae spirulina is found to be a rich source of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) and has been used as a neutraceutical and regenerative medicine in the biotechnological industries as PUFAs are not synthesized in the human body due to the lack of enzymes for their bioconversion and must be supplied through the diet. Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) are the two most important long-chain omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids involved in the human physiology, and their precursors stearic acid (ω-9), linoleic acid (ω-6), and gamma linolenic acid (ω-6) were found to be in higher concentrations in Spirulina platensis. GC or GC-MS is used to analyze the presence of PLFA in the sample. The PLFA analysis was carried to detect the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the Spirulina platensis which are the essential components in the diet of humans. The analysis involves overnight drying of the sample and followed by Bligh-Dyer lipid extraction. The obtained extract is dried and dissolved in chloroform and loaded onto a 96-well solid phase extraction plate. The eluted phospholipids are dried and transesterified. The resulting fatty acid methyl esters are analyzed by GC and quantified relative to an internal standard.
Topics: Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; Phospholipids; Spirulina
PubMed: 35023103
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78787-5_21 -
Food Chemistry Jul 2024Human milk, which contains various nutrients, is the "gold standard" for infant nutrition. Healthy human milk meets all the nutritional needs of early infant... (Review)
Review
Human milk, which contains various nutrients, is the "gold standard" for infant nutrition. Healthy human milk meets all the nutritional needs of early infant development. Polar lipids mainly exist in the milk fat globule membrane, accounting for approximately 1-2% of human milk lipids; sphingomyelin (SM) accounts for approximately 21-24% of polar lipids. SM plays an important role in promoting the development of the brain and nervous system, regulating intestinal flora, and improving skin barriers. Though SM could be synthesized de novo, SM nutrition from dietary is also important for infants. The content and composition of SM in human milk has been reported, however, the molecular mechanisms of nutritional functions of SM for infants required further research. This review summarizes the functional mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and compositional, influencing factors, and mimicking of SM in human milk, and highlights the challenges of improving maternal and infant early/long-term nutrition.
Topics: Infant; Child; Humans; Sphingomyelins; Milk, Human; Diet; Nutritional Status; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 38520905
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138991 -
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Feb 2018The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary phospholipids (PLs) on growth, lipid metabolism, and antioxidative status of hybrid snakehead (Channa argus ×... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary phospholipids (PLs) on growth, lipid metabolism, and antioxidative status of hybrid snakehead (Channa argus × Channa maculata). Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with graded levels of PLs (8.5, 19.3, 30.7, 41.5, and 50.8 g kg) were fed to triplicate groups of juveniles (initial body weight 12.6 ± 0.23 g) for 8 weeks. Results showed that dietary PL supplementation significantly improved growth of juveniles. The final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with dietary PLs increasing from 8.5 to 41.5 g kg (P < 0.05). Fish fed with the diet containing 8.5 g kg PLs showed higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the other treatments (P < 0.05). Survival rate (SR) was not affected by dietary PL levels (P > 0.05). Liver lipid contents, serum triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) contents significantly decreased with the increasing levels of dietary PLs (P < 0.05). However, serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) contents and HDL-C/TC and HDL-C/LDL-C value significantly increased with increasing dietary PL levels (P < 0.05). The catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-1) activities in the liver significantly increased with incremental dietary PL level (P < 0.05), while the liver malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity significantly reduced (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity among dietary treatments (P > 0.05).These results confirmed that dietary PL supplementation has beneficial effects on growth performance and antioxidant capacity of juvenile hybrid snakehead. Dietary PLs might reduce lipid deposition in the liver of juvenile hybrid snakehead.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Antioxidants; Diet; Dietary Fats; Dietary Supplements; Fishes; Hybridization, Genetic; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Liver; Malondialdehyde; Phospholipids
PubMed: 29147969
DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0443-3 -
Nutrients Jul 2021Herein, we investigate whether: (1) the administration of glucose or a lipid emulsion is useful in liver transplantation (LT) using steatotic (induced genetically or...
Herein, we investigate whether: (1) the administration of glucose or a lipid emulsion is useful in liver transplantation (LT) using steatotic (induced genetically or nutritionally) or non-steatotic livers from donors after brain death (DBDs); and (2) any such benefits are due to reductions in intestinal damage and consequently to gut microbiota preservation. In recipients from DBDs, we show increased hepatic damage and failure in the maintenance of ATP, glycogen, phospholipid and growth factor (HGF, IGF1 and VEGFA) levels, compared to recipients from non-DBDs. In recipients of non-steatotic grafts from DBDs, the administration of glucose or lipids did not protect against hepatic damage. This was associated with unchanged ATP, glycogen, phospholipid and growth factor levels. However, the administration of lipids in steatotic grafts from DBDs protected against damage and ATP and glycogen drop and increased phospholipid levels. This was associated with increases in growth factors. In all recipients from DBDs, intestinal inflammation and damage (evaluated by LPS, vascular permeability, mucosal damage, TLR4, TNF, IL1, IL-10, MPO, MDA and edema formation) was not shown. In such cases, potential changes in gut microbiota would not be relevant since neither inflammation nor damage was evidenced in the intestine following LT in any of the groups evaluated. In conclusion, lipid treatment is the preferable nutritional support to protect against hepatic damage in steatotic LT from DBDs; the benefits were independent of alterations in the recipient intestine.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Brain Death; Disease Models, Animal; Emulsions; Fatty Liver; Glucose; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Intestines; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Liver Transplantation; Male; Obesity; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Zucker; Soybean Oil; Tissue Donors
PubMed: 34444713
DOI: 10.3390/nu13082554 -
Lipids Nov 2020There has been increasing interest in vegan diets, but how this dietary pattern regulates tissue fatty acids (FA), especially in men, is unclear. Our aim was to evaluate...
There has been increasing interest in vegan diets, but how this dietary pattern regulates tissue fatty acids (FA), especially in men, is unclear. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a vegan diet on plasma, erythrocyte, and spermatozoa FA composition in young men. Two groups consisting of 67 young (18-25 years old) men were studied. One group following an omnivore diet but did not consume fish, shellfish or other marine foods (control, n = 33), and another group following a vegan diet (vegan, n = 34) for at least 12 months were compared. Dietary intake was assessed via a food frequency questionnaire and a 24-h recall. FA composition was measured in plasma, erythrocyte phospholipids, and spermatozoa by gas-liquid chromatography. Compared to controls, the vegan group had higher reported intakes of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamins (C, E, K, and folate), and minerals (copper, potassium) but lower intakes of cholesterol, trans FA, vitamins B , D, and B , and minerals (calcium, iron, and zinc). Vegan's reported a lower saturated FA and not arachidonic acid intake, both groups did not intake eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but vegan's showed a higher alpha linolenic acid ALA intake. Vegans had higher plasma, erythrocyte phospholipid, and spermatozoa ALA, but lower levels of other n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), especially DHA. Vegans were characterized by higher ALA, but lower levels of other n-3 PUFA, especially DHA in plasma, erythrocytes, and spermatozoids. The biological significance of these findings requires further study.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Diet, Vegan; Eating; Energy Intake; Erythrocytes; Fatty Acids; Humans; Male; Phospholipids; Spermatozoa; Vegans; Young Adult
PubMed: 32757304
DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12265