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Nutrients Sep 2023Proteins and polysaccharides are versatile natural macromolecules that are ubiquitous in nature, and a tailored diet that is fortified with them has been developed to...
Proteins and polysaccharides are versatile natural macromolecules that are ubiquitous in nature, and a tailored diet that is fortified with them has been developed to ameliorate a wide array of diseases [...].
Topics: Food, Fortified; Diet; Nutrition Policy; Dietary Proteins
PubMed: 37836421
DOI: 10.3390/nu15194137 -
Nutrients Jul 2018There is an ongoing debate as to the optimal protein intake in older adults. An increasing body of experimental studies on skeletal muscle protein metabolism as well as... (Review)
Review
There is an ongoing debate as to the optimal protein intake in older adults. An increasing body of experimental studies on skeletal muscle protein metabolism as well as epidemiological data suggest that protein requirements with ageing might be greater than many current dietary recommendations. Importantly, none of the intervention studies in this context specifically investigated very old individuals. Data on the fastest growing age group of the oldest old (aged 85 years and older) is very limited. In this review, we examine the current evidence on protein intake for preserving muscle mass, strength and function in older individuals, with emphasis on data in the very old. Available observational data suggest beneficial effects of a higher protein intake with physical function in the oldest old. Whilst, studies estimating protein requirements in old and very old individuals based on whole-body measurements, show no differences between these sub-populations of elderly. However, small sample sizes preclude drawing firm conclusions. Experimental studies that compared muscle protein synthetic (MPS) responses to protein ingestion in young and old adults suggest that a higher relative protein intake is required to maximally stimulate skeletal muscle MPS in the aged. Although, data on MPS responses to protein ingestion in the oldest old are currently lacking. Collectively, the data reviewed for this article support the concept that there is a close interaction of physical activity, diet, function and ageing. An attractive hypothesis is that regular physical activity may preserve and even enhance the responsiveness of ageing skeletal muscle to protein intake, until very advanced age. More research involving study participants particularly aged ≥85 years is warranted to better investigate and determine protein requirements in this specific growing population group.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Exercise; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Muscle Proteins; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Nutritional Requirements; Nutritional Status; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 30037048
DOI: 10.3390/nu10070935 -
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society May 2021The present paper reviews published literature on the relationship between dietary protein and bone health. It will include arguments both for and against the anabolic... (Review)
Review
The present paper reviews published literature on the relationship between dietary protein and bone health. It will include arguments both for and against the anabolic and catabolic effects of dietary protein on bone health. Adequate protein intake provides the amino acids used in building and maintaining bone tissue, as well as stimulating the action of insulin-like growth factor 1, which in turn promotes bone growth and increases calcium absorption. However, the metabolism of dietary sulphur amino acids, mainly from animal protein, can lead to increased physiological acidity, which may be detrimental for bone health in the long term. Similarly, cereal foods contain dietary phytate, which in turn contains phosphate. It is known that phosphate consumption can also lead to increased physiological acidity. Therefore, cereal products may produce as much acid as do animal proteins that contain sulphur amino acids. The overall effect of dietary protein on physiological acidity, and its consequent impact on bone health, is extremely complex and somewhat controversial. The consensus is now moving towards a synthesised approach. Particularly, how anabolic and catabolic mechanisms interact; as well as how the context of the whole diet and the type of protein consumed is important.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Calcium, Dietary; Diet; Dietary Proteins
PubMed: 33183359
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665120007909 -
Kidney360 Aug 2023It has been estimated that over a fifth of deaths worldwide can be attributed to dietary risk factors. A particularly serious condition is salt-sensitive (SS)... (Review)
Review
It has been estimated that over a fifth of deaths worldwide can be attributed to dietary risk factors. A particularly serious condition is salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension and renal damage, participants of which demonstrate increased morbidity and mortality. Notably, a large amount of evidence from humans and animals has demonstrated that other components of the diet can also modulate hypertension and associated end-organ damage. Evidence presented in this review provides support for the view that immunity and inflammation serve to amplify the development of SS hypertension and leads to malignant disease accompanied by tissue damage. Interestingly, SS hypertension is modulated by changes in dietary protein intake, which also influences immune mechanisms. Together, the evidence presented in this review from animal and human studies indicates that changes in dietary protein source have profound effects on the gut microbiota, microbiota-derived metabolites, gene expression, immune cell activation, the production of cytokines and other factors, and the development of SS hypertension and kidney damage.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Dietary Proteins; Blood Pressure; Kidney Diseases; Hypertension; Kidney; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 37424061
DOI: 10.34067/KID.0000000000000210 -
Nutrients Jun 2019Accumulating evidence suggests a potential role of dietary protein among nutritional factors interfering with the regulation of blood pressure. Dietary protein source... (Review)
Review
Accumulating evidence suggests a potential role of dietary protein among nutritional factors interfering with the regulation of blood pressure. Dietary protein source (plant versus animal protein), and especially, protein composition in terms of amino acids has been postulated to interfere with mechanisms underlying the development of hypertension. Recently, mounting interest has been directed at amino acids in hypertension focusing on habitual dietary intake and their circulating levels regardless of single amino acid dietary supplementation. The aim of the present review was to summarize epidemiological evidence concerning the connection between amino acids and hypertension. Due to the large variability in methodologies used for assessing amino acid levels and heterogeneity in the results obtained, it was not possible to draw robust conclusions. Indeed, some classes of amino acids or individual amino acids showed non-causative association with blood pressure as well as the incidence of hypertension, but the evidence was far from being conclusive. Further research should be prompted for a thorough understanding of amino acid effects and synergistic actions of different amino acid classes on blood pressure regulation.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Amino Acids; Blood Pressure; Dietary Proteins; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Protective Factors; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 31252583
DOI: 10.3390/nu11071459 -
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and... Aug 2015Protein is an essential component of a healthy diet and is a focus of research programs seeking to optimize health at all stages of life. The focus on protein as a... (Review)
Review
Protein is an essential component of a healthy diet and is a focus of research programs seeking to optimize health at all stages of life. The focus on protein as a nutrient often centers on its thermogenic and satiating effect, and when included as part of a healthy diet, its potential to preserve lean body mass. A growing body of literature, including stable isotope based studies and longer term dietary interventions, suggests that current dietary protein recommendations may not be sufficient to promote optimal muscle health in all populations. A protein intake moderately higher than current recommendations has been widely endorsed by many experts and working groups and may provide health benefits for aging populations. Further, consuming moderate amounts of high-quality protein at each meal may optimally stimulate 24-h muscle protein synthesis and may provide a dietary platform that favors the maintenance of muscle mass and function while promoting successful weight management in overweight and obese individuals. Dietary protein has the potential to serve as a key nutrient for many health outcomes and benefits might be increased when combined with adequate physical activity. Future studies should focus on confirming these health benefits from dietary protein with long-term randomized controlled studies.
Topics: Aging; Dietary Proteins; Humans; Muscular Atrophy; Nutritional Requirements
PubMed: 26197807
DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0530 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Jan 2024
Topics: Humans; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Dietary Proteins; Kidney; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 38169496
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMclde2304134 -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Dec 2017Consumption of high-protein diets is increasingly popular due to the benefits of protein on preserving lean mass and controlling appetite and satiety. The paper is to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Consumption of high-protein diets is increasingly popular due to the benefits of protein on preserving lean mass and controlling appetite and satiety. The paper is to review recent clinical research assessing dietary protein on calcium metabolism and bone health.
RECENT FINDINGS
Epidemiological studies show that long-term, high-protein intake is positively associated with bone mineral density and reduced risk of bone fracture incidence. Short-term interventional studies demonstrate that a high-protein diet does not negatively affect calcium homeostasis. Existing evidence supports that the negative effects of the acid load of protein on urinary calcium excretion are offset by the beneficial skeletal effects of high-protein intake. Future research should focus on the role and the degree of contribution of other dietary and physiological factors, such as intake of fruits and vegetables, in reducing the acid load and further enhancing the anabolic effects of protein on the musculoskeletal system.
Topics: Acids; Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Diet; Diet, High-Protein; Dietary Proteins; Fractures, Bone; Fruit; Humans; Osteoporotic Fractures; Vegetables
PubMed: 29063994
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-017-0408-6 -
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition... May 2023Muscle wasting is an important health problem in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Protein restriction in the diet can be one of the main causes of muscle wasting... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Muscle wasting is an important health problem in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Protein restriction in the diet can be one of the main causes of muscle wasting in this population. In this review, we aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary protein intake and muscle wasting in CKD patients according to recent literature.
RECENT FINDINGS
The one of the main mechanisms responsible for the muscle wasting is the disturbances in skeletal muscle protein turnover. Muscle wasting primarily occurs when the rates of muscle protein breakdown exceed the muscle protein synthesis. Dietary protein intake represents an important role by causing a potent anabolic stimulus resulting a positive muscle protein balance. Compared to studies made in healthy populations, there are very limited studies in the literature about the relationship between dietary protein intake and muscle wasting in the CKD population. Majority of the studies showed that a more liberal protein intake is beneficial for muscle wasting in especially advanced CKD and hemodialysis population.
SUMMARY
Although evaluating muscle wasting in CKD patients, the amount of protein in the diet of patients should also be reviewed. Although excessive protein intake has some negative consequences on this patient group, a more liberated dietary protein intake should be taken into account in this patient group with muscle wasting and especially in dialysis patients.
Topics: Humans; Dietary Proteins; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Diet; Muscular Atrophy; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Proteins
PubMed: 36942878
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000903 -
Nutrients Jan 2022The effect of diet on the composition of gut microbiota and the consequent impact on disease risk have been of expanding interest. The present review focuses on current... (Review)
Review
The effect of diet on the composition of gut microbiota and the consequent impact on disease risk have been of expanding interest. The present review focuses on current insights of changes associated with dietary protein-induced gut microbial populations and examines their potential roles in the metabolism, health, and disease of animals. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol was used, and 29 highly relevant articles were obtained, which included 6 mouse studies, 7 pig studies, 15 rat studies, and 1 in vitro study. Analysis of these studies indicated that several factors, such as protein source, protein content, dietary composition (such as carbohydrate content), glycation of protein, processing factors, and protein oxidation, affect the digestibility and bioavailability of dietary proteins. These factors can influence protein fermentation, absorption, and functional properties in the gut and, consequently, impact the composition of gut microbiota and affect human health. While gut microbiota can release metabolites that can affect host physiology either positively or negatively, the selection of quality of protein and suitable food processing conditions are important to have a positive effect of dietary protein on gut microbiota and human health.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Fermentation; Food Handling; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Rats; Swine
PubMed: 35276812
DOI: 10.3390/nu14030453