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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2023Trace mineral nutrition of sheep often focuses on their greater susceptibility to copper toxicosis due to a lesser biliary excretion ability compared with other... (Review)
Review
Trace mineral nutrition of sheep often focuses on their greater susceptibility to copper toxicosis due to a lesser biliary excretion ability compared with other ruminants. Our understanding of sheep trace mineral requirements has improved for most elements allowing for a factorial approach to determining daily requirement instead of a dietary concentration. Forage trace mineral content is influenced by many factors making issues of trace mineral supplementation geographic-dependent. Oral delivery of trace elements is a preferred supplementation method, and this can be achieved through free choice trace mineralized salt or direct dietary incorporation.
Topics: Animals; Sheep; Trace Elements; Diet; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Dietary Supplements; Minerals
PubMed: 37640586
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.07.001 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Mar 2017Iodine is crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis and fetal neurodevelopment. Major dietary sources of iodine in the United States are dairy products and iodized salt.... (Review)
Review
Iodine is crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis and fetal neurodevelopment. Major dietary sources of iodine in the United States are dairy products and iodized salt. Potential consequences of iodine deficiency are goiter, hypothyroidism, cretinism, and impaired cognitive development. Although iodine status in the United States is considered sufficient at the population level, intake varies widely across the population, and the percentage of women of childbearing age with iodine deficiency is increasing. Physicians should be aware of the risks of iodine deficiency and the indications for iodine supplementation, especially in women who are pregnant or lactating.
Topics: Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Iodine; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; United States
PubMed: 28322679
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.84a.15053 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2022Many researchers have evaluated different nonantibiotic, dietary interventions to reduce liver abscessation including degree of grain processing, roughage particle size,... (Review)
Review
Many researchers have evaluated different nonantibiotic, dietary interventions to reduce liver abscessation including degree of grain processing, roughage particle size, ionophore inclusion level, and supplemental prebiotics or probiotics; however, these alternatives have been inconsistent in outcomes and have not proven to be successful. New technologies and methodologies that allow for description and characterization of the microbiome within cattle, their environment, and liver abscesses themselves may help elucidate the etiology of liver abscess formation and allow for targeting interventions that will provide solutions to replace or reduce antimicrobial use that is currently used for the reduction of liver abscess prevalence.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Digestion; Ionophores; Liver Abscess
PubMed: 36243462
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.08.005 -
Nutrients Oct 2023Plant sterols are well-known natural lipid-lowering agents. The DESCO (Diet and plant sterols in the control of cholesterolemia) study was a single-center, randomized,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Plant Sterols on Total and LDL-Cholesterol in Plasma Is Affected by Adherence to Mediterranean Diet: Insights from the DESCO Randomized Clinical Study.
Plant sterols are well-known natural lipid-lowering agents. The DESCO (Diet and plant sterols in the control of cholesterolemia) study was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover clinical trial designed to investigate the effect of a once-a-day ready-to-drink dietary supplement containing 2.5 g of phytosterols on the lipid profile, also in relation to the quality of the diet, in a cohort of 50 Italian individuals with polygenic hypercholesterolemia and low global cardiovascular risk. Eligible individuals were enrolled in a run-in period of 2 weeks. Then, participants who qualified for continuation in the study were randomly allocated (1:1) to a 3-week treatment with either phytosterols or placebo. After a 2-week washout period, enrolled individuals were crossed over to receive the alternative treatment. Dietary supplementation with phytosterols was associated with significant improvement in plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC; -11.8 ± 4.0 mg/dL, = 0.016), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; -7.8 ± 7.7 mg/dL, = 0.021), and apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo B-100, -3.7 ± 4.1 mg/dL, = 0.048) compared to baseline. The changes in TC and LDL-C were also significant compared to placebo, and greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet was significantly associated with greater reductions in LDL-C. Dietary supplementation with phytosterols was well tolerated and adherence to treatment was high. According to the findings of DESCO, the once-a-day ready-to-drink dietary supplement we tested is able to quickly and significantly decrease plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, and Apo B-100, with a greater effect in individuals more adhering to the Mediterranean dietary pattern.
Topics: Humans; Cholesterol, LDL; Phytosterols; Cholesterol; Apolipoprotein B-100; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method
PubMed: 37960208
DOI: 10.3390/nu15214555 -
Poultry Science Dec 2020Mineral nutrition plays a critical role in growth and bone mineralization in meat ducks as well as reproductive performance in duck layers and duck breeders. In addition... (Review)
Review
Mineral nutrition plays a critical role in growth and bone mineralization in meat ducks as well as reproductive performance in duck layers and duck breeders. In addition to improving production performance parameters, minerals are also essential to support several enzymatic systems to enhancing antioxidant ability and immune function. This review explores the biological function and metabolism of minerals in the body, as well as mineral feeding strategy of various species of ducks. Topics range from mineral requirement to the physiological role of macroelements such as calcium and phosphorus and microelements such as zinc and selenium, etc. As with the improvement of genetic evolution and upgrade of rearing system in duck production, mineral requirements and electrolyte balance are urgent to be re-evaluated using sensitive biomarkers for the modern duck breed characterized by the rapid growth rate and inadequate bone development and mineralization. For duck breeders, mineral nutrition is not only required for maximal egg production performance but also for maintaining normal embryonic development and offspring's performance. Therefore, the proper amounts of bioavailable minerals need to be supplemented to maintain the mineral nutritional state of duck species during all phases of life. In addition, more positive effects of high doses microelements supplementations have been revealed for modern meat ducks subjected to various stresses in commercial production. The nutritional factors of mineral sources, supplemental enzymes, and antinutritional factors from unconventional ingredients should be emphasized to improve the effectiveness of mineral nutrition in duck feed formulation. Organic mineral sources and phytase enzymes have been adopted to reduce the antagonistic action between mineral and antinutritional factors. Therefore, special and accurate database of mineral requirements should be established for special genotypes of ducks under different rearing conditions, including rearing factors, environmental stresses and diets supplemented with organic sources, phytase and VD.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Ducks; Minerals
PubMed: 33248592
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.041 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023Single amino acid (AA) supplementations in foods are increasing, however their potential nutritional and physiological impacts are not fully understood. This study...
Single amino acid (AA) supplementations in foods are increasing, however their potential nutritional and physiological impacts are not fully understood. This study examined the effects of L-lysine (Lys) supplementation on protein quality of diets, serum AA concentrations and associations between the ratio of supplemental Lys to dietary protein (X) with body weight gain (BWG) in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Rats were fed one of 10 diets containing either 7% or 20% casein and supplemented with 0% (Control), 1.5%, 3%, 6% Lys or 6% Lys + 3% L-arginine (Arg) (8 rats/diet group) for 1 week. Lys supplementation reduced the protein quality of the casein-based diets (p < 0.01). BWG was reduced by supplemental Lys when X > 0.18. Free Lys supplementation dose-dependently increased serum Lys levels (p < 0.01), while increased protein-bound Lys (1.4% vs 0.52%) had little effect on serum Lys (p > 0.05). In the 7% casein diets, ≥ 1.5% supplemental Lys reduced serum alanine, asparagine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, serine, tyrosine, valine, carnitine, ornithine, and increased urea. Supplementation of ≥ 3% Lys additionally reduced tryptophan and increased histidine, methionine and α-aminoadipic acid (α-AAA) compared to the Control (p < 0.05). In the 20% casein diets, addition of ≥ 1.5% Lys reduced serum asparagine and threonine, and ≥ 3% Lys reduced leucine, proline, tryptophan, valine, and ornithine, and 6% Lys reduced carnitine, and increased histidine, methionine, and α-AAA. Overall, this study showed that free Lys supplementation in a Lys-sufficient diet reduced the protein quality of the diets and modified the serum concentrations of many amino acids. Excess free Lys intake adversely affected growth and utilization of nutrients due to AA imbalance or antagonism. Overall lower protein intake increases susceptibility to the adverse effects of Lys supplementation.
Topics: Male; Animals; Rats; Lysine; Tryptophan; Leucine; Caseins; Histidine; Asparagine; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Dietary Supplements; Amino Acids; Diet; Methionine; Dietary Proteins; Weight Gain; Valine; Racemethionine; Carnitine; Ornithine
PubMed: 37968448
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47321-3 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Jan 2022To investigate the potential of Ampelopsis grossedentata extract used as a feed additive, laying performance, egg quality, yolk cholesterol, plasma biochemical...
To investigate the potential of Ampelopsis grossedentata extract used as a feed additive, laying performance, egg quality, yolk cholesterol, plasma biochemical parameters, intestinal histology, and gut microbiota of hens (n = 60) were determined between basal diet (CK) and dietary supplementation with A. grossedentata extract (RT) for 11 weeks. The laying rate in RT group was 6.3 percentage points higher than in CK group together with feed conversion rate decreasing. Significant upregulation of immunoglobulin indexes and downregulation of lipid-related indexes in RT group were also found in comparison with CK group, suggesting that dietary supplementation with A. grossedentata extract benefited in immunity enhancing and blood-fat depressing. Meanwhile, the villus height in duodenum and villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum and jejunum of RT group were significantly higher than that of CK group, indicating that dietary supplementation with A. grossedentata extract facilitated nutrient adsorption via intestinal histology changing. Moreover, the richness, diversity, and composition of gut microbiota in RT group significantly altered with a comparison of CK group, including beneficial bacterium and pathogenic bacterium, revealing that dietary supplementation with A. grossedentata extract could modify gut microbiota communities to affect intestinal adsorption and pathogen invasion. In addition, the lipid metabolism-related insulin signing pathway was significantly enriched by gut microbiota in RT group, which were conducive to egg production elevation via facilitating blood lipid amelioration and insulin resistance alleviation. These results provided a basis for A. grossedentata extract served as a feed additive in the hen industry.
Topics: Ampelopsis; Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 35015154
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03044-7 -
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Jun 2023The effects of dietary supplementation of creatine and guanidinoacetic acid (GDA) have been studied to a limited extent in various fish species including red drum...
The effects of dietary supplementation of creatine and guanidinoacetic acid (GDA) have been studied to a limited extent in various fish species including red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and hybrid striped bass (HBS) (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops). However, in HSB, there is a need to better understand the impact of creatine and GDA supplementation at elevated salinity which may be encountered by this euryhaline fish. Therefore, two separate feeding trials were conducted at a salinity ranging from 15 to 20 g/L with juvenile HSB for 9 and 8 weeks to evaluate the effects of dietary creatine and GDA. In each trial, four diets were formulated with either singular additions of creatine at 2% of dry weight, GDA at 1% of dry weight, or a combination of both. Fish grew adequately in both feeding trials but no significant (P > 0.05) effects of supplemental creatine or GDA were observed on weight gain, feed efficiency, survival, hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat (IPF ratio), or protein conversion efficiency (PCE). However, fish fed diets supplemented with creatine had significantly (P < 0.05) increased ash and reduced lipid deposition in whole-body tissues in the first feeding trial. Supplemental creatine also resulted in significantly higher muscle yield in the second trial, but no other effects on growth performance or body composition were observed. The addition of GDA to the diet had little effect except for significantly increasing the creatine content in the liver of fish in both feeding trials due to its role as a precursor and a catalyst for synthesis of creatine within the body. Based on the results of these two trials, supplemental creatine and GDA had rather limited effects on HSB cultured in moderately saline water.
Topics: Animals; Bass; Creatine; Diet; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37069332
DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01196-3 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2022L-Arginine (Arg) plays a central role in the nitrogen metabolism (e.g., syntheses of protein, nitric oxide, polyamines, and creatine), blood flow, nutrient utilization,...
L-Arginine (Arg) plays a central role in the nitrogen metabolism (e.g., syntheses of protein, nitric oxide, polyamines, and creatine), blood flow, nutrient utilization, and health of ruminants. This amino acid is produced by ruminal bacteria and is also synthesized from L-glutamine, L-glutamate, and L-proline via the formation of L-citrulline (Cit) in the enterocytes of young and adult ruminants. In pre-weaning ruminants, most of the Cit formed de novo by the enterocytes is used locally for Arg production. In post-weaning ruminants, the small intestine-derived Cit is converted into Arg primarily in the kidneys and, to a lesser extent, in endothelial cells, macrophages, and other cell types. Under normal feeding conditions, Arg synthesis contributes 65% and 68% of total Arg requirements for nonpregnant and late pregnany ewes fed a diet with ~12% crude protein, respectively, whereas creatine production requires 40% and 36% of Arg utilized by nonpregnant and late pregnant ewes, respectively. Arg has not traditionally been considered a limiting nutrient in diets for post-weaning, gestating, or lactating ruminants because it has been assumed that these animals can synthesize sufficient Arg to meet their nutritional and physiological needs. This lack of a full understanding of Arg nutrition and metabolism has contributed to suboptimal efficiencies for milk production, reproductive performance, and growth in ruminants. There is now considerable evidence that dietary supplementation with rumen-protected Arg (e.g., 0.25-0.5% of dietary dry matter) can improve all these production indices without adverse effects on metabolism or health. Because extracellular Cit is not degraded by microbes in the rumen due to the lack of uptake, Cit can be used without any encapsulation as an effective dietary source for the synthesis of Arg in ruminants, including dairy and beef cows, as well as sheep and goats. Thus, an adequate amount of supplemental rumen-protected Arg or unencapsulated Cit is necessary to support maximum survival, growth, lactation, reproductive performance, and feed efficiency, as well as optimum health and well-being in all ruminants.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Cattle; Citrulline; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Endothelial Cells; Female; Lactation; Milk; Pregnancy; Ruminants; Sheep
PubMed: 34807443
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_10 -
Nutrients Nov 2023Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the first cause of mortality globally. Diet plays a fundamental role in cardiovascular health and is closely linked to the... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the first cause of mortality globally. Diet plays a fundamental role in cardiovascular health and is closely linked to the development of CVD. Numerous human studies have provided evidence on the relationship between diet and CVD. By discussing the available findings on the dietary components that potentially influence CVD progression and prevention, this review attempted to provide the current state of evidence on healthy dietary choices for CVD. We focus on the effects of individual macronutrients, whole food products, and dietary patterns on the risks of CVD, and the data from population-based trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses are summarized. Unhealthy dietary habits, such as high intake of saturated fatty acids, sugar-sweetened beverages, red meat, and processed meat as well as high salt intake are associated with the increased risk of CVD. Conversely, increased consumption of plant-based components such as dietary fiber, nuts, fruits, and vegetables is shown to be effective in reducing CVD risk factors. The Mediterranean diet appears to be one of the most evidence-based dietary patterns beneficial for CVD prevention. However, there is still great debate regarding whether the supplementation of vitamins and minerals confers cardioprotective benefits. This review provides new insights into the role of dietary factors that are harmful or protective in CVD, which can be adopted for improved cardiovascular health.
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Fruit; Diet, Mediterranean; Nutrients; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38068756
DOI: 10.3390/nu15234898