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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology May 2019Lactose is a natural disaccharide obtained from the milk of most mammals and a waste product of cheese and casein manufacturing. Over the past decades, lactose in whey... (Review)
Review
Lactose is a natural disaccharide obtained from the milk of most mammals and a waste product of cheese and casein manufacturing. Over the past decades, lactose in whey has increasingly been promoted as an important resource, and an increasing number of significant advances have been made to investigate its healthy and functional properties. Lactose can be biotransformed into many kinds of derivatives, including galacto-oligosaccharides, epilactose, lactulose, lactosucrose, and D-tagatose. Biological efficiency and safety are critical for the enzymatic production of lactose derivatives from lactose. These lactose derivatives show a range of prominent physiological features and effects, such as prebiotic properties, indigestibility, and obesity prevention, which can be utilized in the pharmaceutical, health, and food industries. In this review, we present the properties and physiological effects of lactose derivatives, detailing their biological production by various enzymes and their applications in dairy products, especially directly in the milk industry.
Topics: Animals; Disaccharides; Humans; Lactose; Oligosaccharides; Prebiotics; Whey
PubMed: 30911789
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09755-6 -
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Apr 2020This review represents a focus on the structure and properties of the common nutritional disaccharides (lactose, maltose, and sucrose) in health and disease. The aim is... (Review)
Review
SCOPE
This review represents a focus on the structure and properties of the common nutritional disaccharides (lactose, maltose, and sucrose) in health and disease. The aim is to provide a comprehensive reference source related to the role of disaccharides in human nutrition.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Key reference sources are searched, including Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and Wiley Online, and key reference works are selected to support the factual basis of the text where interpretations and relevance of the works are discussed in the review. There are key nutritional health benefits of receiving dietary energy in the form of sugars, but equally life-threatening issues exist associated with constant/excess consumption. These issues are discussed together with genetic disorders, which impact upon health associated with consumption of the disaccharides (e.g., specific disaccharide intolerance due to deficiency of relevant digestive enzymes).
CONCLUSIONS
As the three common dietary disaccharides (lactose, maltose, and sucrose) are consumed on a very regular basis in the human diet, it is critical to understand insofar as possible their role in health and disease. This review provides an insight into the structure and properties of these molecules in health and disease.
Topics: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Disaccharides; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Glycemic Index; Humans; Lactose; Lipids; Maltose; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Sucrose
PubMed: 32045507
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901082 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Jul 2019This review summarizes progress in analysis of glycosaminoglycans using mass spectrometry (MS) approaches. The specific areas covered include analytical challenges,... (Review)
Review
This review summarizes progress in analysis of glycosaminoglycans using mass spectrometry (MS) approaches. The specific areas covered include analytical challenges, disaccharide analysis, top-down and bottom-up techniques, sequence analysis, and future perspectives. A brief outline of the complexity and heterogeneity of these unique saccharides and their analysis is provided along with examples of several recent studies. Unique problems and challenges in the characterization of glycosaminoglycans are discussed along with many of the analytical tools used in particular MS methods and the types of information provided. Advances in MS-related technologies have provided more sensitive and accurate detection and sequence analysis of this complex and chemically unique class of bioconjugates. Effective MS-based methods and automated data handling with bioinformatics tools have been developed for disaccharide analysis, top-down and bottom-up analysis, and sequencing studies of relatively short oligosaccharides. It is envisioned that further improvements in MS technologies along with bioinformatics methods will make sequencing studies of longer glycosaminoglycan chains easier and faster.
Topics: Carbohydrate Sequence; Computational Biology; Disaccharides; Glycosaminoglycans; Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 30911798
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01722-4 -
International Journal of Toxicology 2019The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 25 monosaccharides, disaccharides, and related ingredients and concluded these are safe in the... (Review)
Review
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 25 monosaccharides, disaccharides, and related ingredients and concluded these are safe in the present practices of use and concentration described in the safety assessment. Many of these ingredients are common dietary sugars, dietary sugar replacements, or very closely related analogs and salts; 7 of the ingredients are listed by the Food and Drug Administration as generally recognized as safe food substances. The most commonly reported cosmetic function is as a skin-conditioning agent; other commonly reported functions are use as a humectant or as a flavoring agent. The Panel reviewed the animal and clinical data included in this assessment, acknowledged that the oral safety of many of these ingredients has been well established, and found it appropriate to extrapolate the existing information to conclude on the safety of all the monosaccharides, disaccharides, and related ingredients.
Topics: Animals; Consumer Product Safety; Cosmetics; Disaccharides; Humans; Monosaccharides; Occupational Exposure; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 31170840
DOI: 10.1177/1091581818814189 -
Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2021Derivatives of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides play important roles in biological processes. Monosaccharides are the single carbohydrate building blocks, such as... (Review)
Review
Derivatives of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides play important roles in biological processes. Monosaccharides are the single carbohydrate building blocks, such as glucose, xylose, and fructose. Oligosaccharides are composed of 2-10 monosaccharides, including disaccharides and trisaccharides. Moreover, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and their derivatives are vital molecules with various biological properties, including anticancer activity, antiviral activity, insecticidal activity, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity. This review covers a survey of structural modifications, biological activities, and mechanisms of action of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and their derivatives. Additionally, their structure-activity relationships are also concluded.
Topics: Animals; Disaccharides; Fructose; Glucose; Humans; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Xylose
PubMed: 33550971
DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210125145321 -
Pharmacological Research Sep 2022Induction of autophagy is a prospective approach to the treatment of neurodegeneration. In the recent decade, trehalose attracted special attention. It is an autophagy... (Review)
Review
Induction of autophagy is a prospective approach to the treatment of neurodegeneration. In the recent decade, trehalose attracted special attention. It is an autophagy inducer with negligible adverse effects and is approved for use in humans according to FDA requirements. Trehalose has a therapeutic effect in various experimental models of diseases. This glucose disaccharide with a flexible α-1-1'-glycosidic bond has unique properties: induction of mTOR-independent autophagy (with kinase AMPK as the main target) and a chaperone-like effect on proteins imparting them natural spatial structure. Thus, it can reduce the accumulation of neurotoxic aberrant/misfolded proteins. Trehalose has an anti-inflammatory effect and inhibits detrimental oxidative stress partially owing to the enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defense represented by the Nrf2 protein. The disaccharide activates lysosome and autophagosome biogenesis pathways through the protein factors TFEB and FOXO1. Here we review various mechanisms of the neuroprotective action of trehalose and touch on the possibility of pleiotropic effects. Current knowledge about specific features of trehalose pharmacodynamics is discussed. The neuroprotective effects of trehalose in animal models of major neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases are examined too. Attention is given to translational transition to clinical trials of this drug, especially oral and parenteral routes of administration. Besides, the possibility of enhancing the therapeutic benefit via a combination of mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent autophagy inducers is analyzed. In general, trehalose appears to be a promising multitarget tool for the inhibition of experimental neurodegeneration and requires thorough investigation of its clinical capabilities.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Disaccharides; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Therapies, Investigational; Trehalose
PubMed: 35907433
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106373 -
Journal of Cellular Physiology Sep 2018The balance between synthesis and degradation is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis and different mechanisms are known to keep this balance. In this review, we... (Review)
Review
The balance between synthesis and degradation is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis and different mechanisms are known to keep this balance. In this review, we will provide a short overview on autophagy as an intracellular homeostatic degradative machinery. We will also describe the involvement of downregulation of autophagy in numerous diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, aging, metabolic disorders, and other infectious diseases. Therefore, modulation of autophagic processes can represent a promising way of intervention in different diseases including neurodegeneration and cancer. Trehalose, also known as mycose, is a natural disaccharide found extensively but not abundantly among several organisms. It is described that trehalose can work as an important autophagy modulator and can be proficiently used in the control several diseases in which autophagy plays an important role. On these bases, we describe here the role of trehalose as an innovative drug in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and other illnesses opening a new scenario of intervention in conditions difficult to be treated.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Disaccharides; Homeostasis; Humans; Neoplasms; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Trehalose
PubMed: 29663416
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26583 -
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Oct 2022Modification of the carbohydrate scaffold is an important theme in drug and vaccine discovery. Therefore, the preparation of novel types of glycomimetics is of interest...
Modification of the carbohydrate scaffold is an important theme in drug and vaccine discovery. Therefore, the preparation of novel types of glycomimetics is of interest in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. In this manuscript, we present an early investigation of the synthesis, structure, and conformational behaviour of (1→1)--disaccharides as a novel type of glycomimetics arising from the replacement of interglycosidic oxygen with a dimethyl-, methylpropyl-, or diisopropylsilyl linkage. We accomplished the preparation of this unusual group of umpoled compounds by the reaction of lithiated glycal or 2-oxyglycal units with dialkyldichlorosilanes. We demonstrated the good stability of the "-glycosidic" linkage under acidic conditions even at elevated temperatures. Next, we described the conformational landscape of these compounds by the combination of modelling with spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. Finally, we explained the observed conformational flexibility of these compounds by the absence of stabilizing effects that are typically at play in natural carbohydrates.
Topics: Carbohydrate Conformation; Carbohydrates; Disaccharides; Glycosides; Oxygen; Silicon
PubMed: 35861668
DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01161a -
Protein and Peptide Letters 2017Glycoside phosphorylases catalyse the reversible synthesis of glycosidic bonds by glycosylation with concomitant release of inorganic phosphate. The equilibrium position... (Review)
Review
Glycoside phosphorylases catalyse the reversible synthesis of glycosidic bonds by glycosylation with concomitant release of inorganic phosphate. The equilibrium position of such reactions can render them of limited synthetic utility, unless coupled with a secondary enzymatic step where the reaction lies heavily in favour of product. This article surveys recent works on the combined use of glycan phosphorylases with other enzymes to achieve synthetically useful processes.
Topics: Biofuels; Carbohydrate Conformation; Cellulose; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Dextrins; Disaccharides; Escherichia coli; Glucans; Glycosylation; Kinetics; Phosphorylases; Plants; Starch; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 28799504
DOI: 10.2174/0929866524666170811125109 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022Although glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are known to be involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, knowledge about their expression by cells or...
Although glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are known to be involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, knowledge about their expression by cells or tissues, the GAGome, is limited. Xylosides can be used to induce the formation of GAGs without the presence of a proteoglycan core protein. The administration of xylosides to living cells tends to result in a considerable amplification in GAG production, and the xylosides can, therefore, be used as analytical tools to study the GAG produced by a certain cell type. One of the most common ways to analyze the GAGs structurally is by disaccharide analysis, which involves depolymerization of the GAGs into disaccharides, fluorescent labeling of the disaccharides with 2-aminoacridone, and quantification using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Here, we describe the procedure of producing xyloside-primed GAGs and how to study them structurally by disaccharide analysis.
Topics: Chondroitin Sulfates; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Disaccharides; Glycosaminoglycans; Glycosides
PubMed: 34626379
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_15