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Pediatric Blood & Cancer Aug 2021We surveyed published papers and an international sickle cell disease (SCD) registry to detect susceptibility and clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)... (Review)
Review
We surveyed published papers and an international sickle cell disease (SCD) registry to detect susceptibility and clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in SCD patients. COVID-19 presentation was mild in children and moderate in many SCD adults. Regarding increased comorbidities with age, it seems severe COVID-19 to be more common in older SCD patients. Although the overall outcome of COVID-19 was favorable in SCD children, a high rate of pediatric intensive care unit admission should be considered in managing these patients. To explain COVID-19 outcome in SCD patients, the possible benefits of hydroxyurea therapy could be considered. The obtained results should be interpreted, considering low cases from sub-Saharan people, younger age of SCD patients compared to general population, a bias toward registry of the more severe form of disease, the effect of pre-existing comorbidities with multisystem organ damage, and the role of health socio-economic determinants.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anemia, Sickle Cell; COVID-19; Child; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Humans; Male; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 34061431
DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29075 -
International Reviews of Immunology 2019
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunomodulation; Phagocytosis
PubMed: 31117899
DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1616892 -
Current Environmental Health Reports Sep 2020This review aims to explore how circadian rhythms influence disease susceptibility and potentially modify the effect of environmental exposures. We aimed to identify... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review aims to explore how circadian rhythms influence disease susceptibility and potentially modify the effect of environmental exposures. We aimed to identify biomarkers commonly used in environmental health research that have also been the subject of chronobiology studies, in order to review circadian rhythms of relevance to environmental health and determine if time-of-day is an important factor to consider in environmental health studies. Moreover, we discuss opportunities for studying how environmental exposures may interact with circadian rhythms to structure disease pathology and etiology.
RECENT FINDINGS
In recent years, the study of circadian rhythms in mammals has flourished. Animal models revealed that all body tissues have circadian rhythms. In humans, circadian rhythms were also shown to exist at multiple levels of organization: molecular, cellular, and physiological processes, including responding to oxidative stress, cell trafficking, and sex hormone production, respectively. Together, these rhythms are an essential component of human physiology and can shape an individual's susceptibility and response to disease. Circadian rhythms are relatively unexplored in environmental health research. However, circadian clocks control many physiological and behavioral processes that impact exposure pathways and disease systems. We believe this review will motivate new studies of (i) the impact of exposures on circadian rhythms, (ii) how circadian rhythms modify the effect of environmental exposures, and (iii) how time-of-day impacts our ability to observe the body's response to exposure.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Circadian Rhythm; Disease Susceptibility; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Health; Humans; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 32662059
DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00285-2 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2021Live attenuated viral vaccines (LAV) have saved millions of lives globally through their capacity to elicit strong, cross-reactive and enduring adaptive immune... (Review)
Review
Live attenuated viral vaccines (LAV) have saved millions of lives globally through their capacity to elicit strong, cross-reactive and enduring adaptive immune responses. However, LAV can also act as a Trojan horse to reveal inborn errors of immunity, thereby highlighting important protective elements of the healthy antiviral immune response. In the following article, we draw out these lessons by reviewing the spectrum of LAV-associated disease reported in a variety of inborn errors of immunity. We note the contrast between adaptive disorders, which predispose to both LAV and their wild type counterparts, and defects of innate immunity in which parenterally delivered LAV behave in a particularly threatening manner. Recognition of the underlying pathomechanisms can inform our approach to disease management and vaccination in a wider group of individuals, including those receiving immunomodulators that impact the relevant pathways.
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity; Species Specificity; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 34107321
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.006 -
Nature Reviews. Immunology Aug 2016The classical model of immunity posits that the immune system reacts to pathogens and injury and restores homeostasis. Indeed, a century of research has uncovered the... (Review)
Review
The classical model of immunity posits that the immune system reacts to pathogens and injury and restores homeostasis. Indeed, a century of research has uncovered the means and mechanisms by which the immune system recognizes danger and regulates its own activity. However, this classical model does not fully explain complex phenomena, such as tolerance, allergy, the increased prevalence of inflammatory pathologies in industrialized nations and immunity to multiple infections. In this Essay, I propose a model of immunity that is based on equilibrium, in which the healthy immune system is always active and in a state of dynamic equilibrium between antagonistic types of response. This equilibrium is regulated both by the internal milieu and by the microbial environment. As a result, alteration of the internal milieu or microbial environment leads to immune disequilibrium, which determines tolerance, protective immunity and inflammatory pathology.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmunity; Disease Resistance; Disease Susceptibility; Homeostasis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immune System; Immune Tolerance; Immunity; Immunomodulation; Models, Biological
PubMed: 27396446
DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.75 -
Immunology Jun 2018An ever-increasing collection of neurological human diseases are becoming appreciated as encompassing a strong immunological component in pathogenesis or regulation....
An ever-increasing collection of neurological human diseases are becoming appreciated as encompassing a strong immunological component in pathogenesis or regulation. This derives to a large extent from genome-wide association studies that have highlighted association with immune system genes, including those in the HLA and KIR regions. Along with the genomic findings have come insights from immune phenotyping and assays for autoimmunity. This is a group of disease processes that includes Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, stroke, narcolepsy, schizophrenia and psychosis. In most cases, these are diseases in which we assume that differential regulation of central nervous system inflammation may impact symptoms and severity. The specific roles played by the immune response in these disease processes is largely uncharted and will require considerable investigation.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Mental Disorders; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neuroimmunomodulation
PubMed: 29878338
DOI: 10.1111/imm.12943 -
Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... Apr 2016
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Endometritis; Female; Horse Diseases; Immunomodulation; Nitric Oxide; Uterus
PubMed: 26968440
DOI: 10.1111/rda.12664 -
Trends in Genetics : TIG Dec 2019Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of RNA leads to deamination of adenosine to inosine. Inosine is interpreted as guanosine by the cellular machinery, thus altering... (Review)
Review
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of RNA leads to deamination of adenosine to inosine. Inosine is interpreted as guanosine by the cellular machinery, thus altering the coding, folding, splicing, or transport of transcripts. A-to-I editing is tightly regulated. Altered editing has severe consequences for human health and can cause interferonopathies, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disease, as well as impacting on cancer progression. ADAR1-mediated RNA editing plays an important role in antiviral immunity and is essential for distinguishing between endogenous and viral RNA, thereby preventing autoimmune disorders. Interestingly, A-to-I editing can be used not only to correct genomic mutations at the RNA level but also to modulate tumor antigenicity with large therapeutic potential. We highlight recent developments in the field, focusing on cancer and other human diseases.
Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Drug Development; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Immunity; Isoenzymes; RNA Editing; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 31648814
DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.09.004 -
Clinical Epigenetics Oct 2021
Topics: DNA Methylation; Disease Susceptibility; Ethnicity; Humans
PubMed: 34635160
DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01180-9 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019
Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Cancer Vaccines; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms
PubMed: 32010150
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03117