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Immunology Dec 2021
Topics: Cell Communication; Disease Susceptibility; Homeostasis; Humans; Immunity; Immunomodulation; Lymphocytes; Neutrophils
PubMed: 34725825
DOI: 10.1111/imm.13415 -
Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology... 2015From the moment of birth, the human body plays host to a rich diversity of microbes. Body sites such as the skin, the gut and the mouth support communities of... (Review)
Review
From the moment of birth, the human body plays host to a rich diversity of microbes. Body sites such as the skin, the gut and the mouth support communities of microorganisms (collectively known as the microbiome) that are both numerous and diverse. As our understanding of the microbiome advances, it is evident that these microbial populations participate in a multitude of symbiotic associations with us. The disruption of these associations can lead to a range of diseases beyond mere pathogenesis as microbial nutrition, signaling, and immune defense break down. It is known that changes in microbial composition occur as the human host ages and that diet and living conditions influence the microbiome of older individuals. However, the link between the microbiome and frailty is as yet mostly unexplored. Although the microbiome is likely to influence health factors that contribute to frailty, further work is needed to determine whether overall microbial signatures of frailty exist and, if so, what the diagnostic and therapeutic utility of these signatures might be.
Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Frail Elderly; Geriatric Assessment; Humans; Longevity; Male; Microbiota; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26301979
DOI: 10.1159/000381162 -
Viruses Jan 2021Although mobile genetic elements, or transposons, have played an important role in genome evolution, excess activity of mobile elements can have detrimental... (Review)
Review
Although mobile genetic elements, or transposons, have played an important role in genome evolution, excess activity of mobile elements can have detrimental consequences. Already, the enhanced expression of transposons-derived nucleic acids can trigger autoimmune reactions that may result in severe autoinflammatory disorders. Thus, cells contain several layers of protective measures to restrict transposons and to sense the enhanced activity of these "intragenomic pathogens". This review focuses on our current understanding of immunogenic patterns derived from the most active elements in humans, the retrotransposons long interspersed element (LINE)-1 and Alu. We describe the role of known pattern recognition receptors in nucleic acid sensing of LINE-1 and Alu and the possible consequences for autoimmune diseases.
Topics: Alu Elements; Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements; Retroelements
PubMed: 33445593
DOI: 10.3390/v13010094 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Aug 2016The aging process in people is associated with changes in adaptive and innate immune responses. Similar changes occur in aged horses. Age-related progressive impairment... (Review)
Review
The aging process in people is associated with changes in adaptive and innate immune responses. Similar changes occur in aged horses. Age-related progressive impairment in the ability to respond to pathogen challenge and an increased inflammatory reactivity may predispose geriatric horses to many diseases of old age. Specific recommendations for immune modification of older horses, including an age-appropriate vaccination schedule, are not currently available. In addition, the effect of old age on risk of infectious disease is poorly documented. More work is needed to better understand the interactions of age on immunity, vaccine response, and disease risk in horses.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Horses; Immunity, Innate; Veterinary Medicine
PubMed: 27329495
DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2016.04.009 -
Anesthesiology Jan 2018
Review
Topics: Anesthesia; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Malignant Hyperthermia
PubMed: 28902673
DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001877 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Oct 2019The pharmacological effects of a drug depend on its concentration at the site of action, and therefore on the concentration in blood and on the dose. The relationship... (Review)
Review
The pharmacological effects of a drug depend on its concentration at the site of action, and therefore on the concentration in blood and on the dose. The relationship between the concentration or dose and the corresponding effect can usually be represented mathematically as a rectangular hyperbola; when effect is plotted against log concentration or log dose, the curve is sigmoidal. Inevitably, the effect size and the doses causing benefit and harm will differ among individuals, since they are biological phenomena: some individuals are more likely than others to suffer harm at any given dose. Some harmful effects can occur at much lower doses than those used in therapeutics; that is, the log dose-response curve for harm lies far to the left of the log dose-response curve for benefit. Those who suffer such reactions are hypersusceptible. When the dose-response curves for harm and therapeutic effect are in the same range, dose cannot separate the harmful effects from the therapeutic effects, and adverse reactions are collateral. Toxic effects occur when harmful doses are above the doses needed for benefit. In this review we consider factors that influence a subject's susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. Determinants of susceptibility include Immunological, Genetic, demographic (Age and Sex), Physiological and Exogenous factors (drug-drug interactions, for example), and Diseases and disorders such as renal failure, giving the mnemonic I GASPED. Some susceptibility factors are discrete (for example, all-or-none) and some are continuous; susceptibility can therefore be discrete or continuous; and the factors can interact to determine a person's overall susceptibility to harm.
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations
PubMed: 31169324
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14015 -
Current Environmental Health Reports Sep 2020Arsenic is associated with cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and other outcomes that are also related to obesity. These similar effects raise the possibility that arsenic... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Arsenic is associated with cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and other outcomes that are also related to obesity. These similar effects raise the possibility that arsenic plays a role in obesity causation. They also raise the possibility that obesity may be an important effect modifier of arsenic-caused disease. This review summarizes the complex relationship between arsenic and obesity, with an emphasis on current research from human studies.
RECENT FINDINGS
Experimental studies provide some evidence that arsenic could play a role in obesity pathogenesis. To date, however, these associations have not been confirmed in human studies. In contrast, several epidemiologic studies have shown that the risks of arsenic-caused disease are markedly higher in obese individuals, highlighting obesity as an important susceptibility factor. Arsenic exposure and obesity are prevalent and widespread. Research identifying vulnerable populations, including obese individuals, could lead to new interventions having broad public health effects.
Topics: Arsenic; Disease Susceptibility; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Obesity
PubMed: 32766950
DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00288-z -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021
Topics: Animals; Autoimmunity; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Scleroderma, Systemic
PubMed: 33828566
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663381 -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Jan 2022Since the late 19th century, the immune system has increasingly garnered interest as a novel avenue for cancer therapy, particularly given scientific breakthroughs in... (Review)
Review
Since the late 19th century, the immune system has increasingly garnered interest as a novel avenue for cancer therapy, particularly given scientific breakthroughs in recent decades delineating the fundamental role of the immune system in tumorigenesis. The immunoediting hypothesis has articulated this role, describing three phases of the tumor-immune system interaction: Elimination, Equilibrium, and Escape wherein tumors progress from active immunologic surveillance and destruction through dynamic immunologic stasis to unfettered growth. The primary goals of immunotherapy are to restrict and revert progression through these phases, thereby improving the immune system's ability to control tumor growth. In this review, we detail the development and foundation of the cancer immunoediting hypothesis and apply this hypothesis to the dynamic immunotherapy field that includes checkpoint blockade, vaccine therapy, and adoptive cell transfer.
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immune System; Immunologic Surveillance; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 33711414
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.002 -
International Reviews of Immunology 2019
Topics: Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 31738672
DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1689654