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Trends in Microbiology Mar 2020Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) dramatically affects the thymus and its ability to carry out its normal functions. In particular, infection... (Review)
Review
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) dramatically affects the thymus and its ability to carry out its normal functions. In particular, infection incapacitates PRRSV-susceptible CD14 antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the thymus and throughout the body. PRRSV-induced autophagy in thymic epithelial cells modulates the development of T cells, and PRRSV-induced apoptosis in CD4CD8 thymocytes modulates cellular immunity against PRRSV and other pathogens. Pigs are less able to resist and/or eliminate secondary infectious agents due the effect of PRRSV on the thymus, and this susceptibility phenomenon is long recognized as a primary characteristic of PRRSV infection.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Disease Susceptibility; Immunity, Cellular; Macrophages; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; Swine; T-Lymphocytes; Thymus Gland
PubMed: 31744664
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.009 -
Translational Research : the Journal of... Jan 2015Environmental insults, such as exposure to toxicants or nutritional abnormalities, can lead to epigenetic changes that are in turn related to increased susceptibility to... (Review)
Review
Environmental insults, such as exposure to toxicants or nutritional abnormalities, can lead to epigenetic changes that are in turn related to increased susceptibility to disease. The focus of this review is on the transgenerational inheritance of such epigenetic abnormalities (epimutations), and how it is that these inherited epigenetic abnormalities can lead to increased disease susceptibility, even in the absence of continued environmental insult. Observations of environmental toxicant specificity and exposure-specific disease susceptibility are discussed. How epimutations are transmitted across generations and how epigenetic changes in the germline are translated into an increased disease susceptibility in the adult is reviewed with regard to disease etiology.
Topics: Animals; DNA Methylation; Disease Susceptibility; Environmental Exposure; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Germ-Line Mutation; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 24657180
DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.02.003 -
British Dental Journal Mar 2018Human oral microbiota is the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms found in the oral cavity. Oral microbiota generally exists in... (Review)
Review
Human oral microbiota is the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms found in the oral cavity. Oral microbiota generally exists in the form of a biofilm and plays a crucial role in maintaining oral homeostasis, protecting the oral cavity and preventing disease development. Human oral microbiota has recently become a new focus research for promoting the progress of disease diagnosis, assisting disease treatment, and developing personalised medicines. In this review, the scientific evidence supporting the association that endogenous and exogenous factors (diet, smoking, drinking, socioeconomic status, antibiotics use and pregnancy) modulate oral microbiota. It provides insights into the mechanistic role in which oral microbiota may influence systemic diseases, and summarises the challenges of clinical diagnosis and treatment based on the microbial community information. It provides information for noninvasive diagnosis and helps develop a new paradigm of personalised medicine. All these benefit human health in the post-metagenomics era.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Diet; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 29569607
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.217 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Dec 2020Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides spp. This disease comprises three clinical forms: symptomatic acute and... (Review)
Review
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides spp. This disease comprises three clinical forms: symptomatic acute and chronic forms (PCM disease) and PCM infection, a latent form without clinical symptoms. PCM disease differs markedly according to severity, clinical manifestations, and host immune response. Fungal virulence factors and adhesion molecules are determinants for entry, latency, immune escape and invasion, and dissemination in the host. Neutrophils and macrophages play a paramount role in first-line defense against the fungus through the recognition of antigens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), activating their microbicidal machinery. Furthermore, the clinical outcome of the PCM is strongly associated with the variability of cytokines and immunoglobulins produced by T and B cells. While the mechanisms that mediate susceptibility or resistance to infection are dictated by the immune system, some genetic factors may alter gene expression and its final products and, hence, modulate how the organism responds to infection and injury. This review outlines the main findings relative to this topic, addressing the complexity of the immune response triggered by Paracoccidioides spp. infection from preclinical investigations to studies in humans. Here, we focus on mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis, the patterns of innate and adaptive immunity, and the genetic and molecular basis related to immune response and susceptibility to the development of the PCM and its clinical forms. Immunogenetic features such as HLA system, cytokines/cytokines receptors genes and other immune-related genes, and miRNAs are likewise discussed. Finally, we point out the occurrence of PCM in patients with primary immunodeficiencies and call attention to the research gaps and challenges faced by the PCM field.
Topics: Biomarkers; Disease Susceptibility; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Paracoccidioides; Paracoccidioidomycosis
PubMed: 33039601
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104586 -
Current Topics in Behavioral... 2015One of the most consistent findings in multiple sclerosis (MS) is that development of MS is linked with carriage of the class II human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecule... (Review)
Review
One of the most consistent findings in multiple sclerosis (MS) is that development of MS is linked with carriage of the class II human leucocyte antigen (HLA) molecule HLA-DRB1*15:01; around 60 % of Caucasian MS patients carry this allele compared to 25-30 % of ethnically matched healthy individuals. However, other HLA molecules have also been linked to the development of MS. In this chapter, the association between different HLA types and susceptibility to MS will be reviewed, and other linkages between the carriage of specific HLA molecules and clinical and experimental findings in MS will be considered.
Topics: Disease Susceptibility; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; HLA Antigens; Humans; Multiple Sclerosis; Phenotype
PubMed: 25502788
DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_357 -
Immunity Jun 2021The interindividual heterogeneity of the immune system likely determines the personal risk for acquiring infections and developing diseases with inflammatory components.... (Review)
Review
The interindividual heterogeneity of the immune system likely determines the personal risk for acquiring infections and developing diseases with inflammatory components. In addition to genetic factors, the immune system's heterogeneity is driven by diverging exposures of leukocytes and their progenitors to infections, vaccinations, and health behavior, including lifestyle-related stimuli such as diet, physical inactivity, and psychosocial stress. We review how such experiences alter immune cell responses to concurrent and subsequent challenges, leading to either improved host resilience or disease susceptibility due to a muted or overzealous immune system, with a primary focus on the contribution of innate immune cells. We explore the involvement of diverse mechanisms, including trained immunity, and their relevance for infections and cardiovascular disease, as these prevalent conditions are heavily influenced by immune cell abundance and phenotypic adaptions. Understanding the mechanistic bases of immune modulations by prior or co-exposures may lead to new therapies targeting dysfunctional inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immune System; Immunity, Innate; Infections; Inflammation; Life Style
PubMed: 34107270
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.011 -
Disaster Medicine and Public Health... Aug 2020Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate coronavirus disease (COVID-19) susceptibility in districts of Bangladesh using multicriteria evaluation...
Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate coronavirus disease (COVID-19) susceptibility in districts of Bangladesh using multicriteria evaluation techniques.Methods: Secondary data were collected from different government organizations, 120 primary surveys were conducted for calculating weights, and results were validated through 12 key people's interviews. Pairwise comparison matrixes were calculated for 9 factors and subfactors. The analytic hierarchy process used for calculating the susceptibility index and map was prepared based on the results.Results: According to the results, multiple causal factors might be responsible for COVID-19 spreading in Bangladesh. Dhaka might be vulnerable to COVID-19 due to a higher population, population density, and international collaboration. According to the pairwise comparison matrix, the consistency ratio for subfactors and factors was in the permissible limit (ie, less than 0.10). The highest factor weight of 0.2907 was found for the factors type of port. The maximum value for the susceptibility index was 0.435219362 for Chittagong, and the minimum value was 0.076174 for Naogaon.Conclusions: The findings of this research might help the communities and government agencies with effective decision-making.
Topics: Bangladesh; COVID-19; Decision Support Techniques; Disease Susceptibility; Geographic Mapping; Humans; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 32580796
DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.175 -
Seminars in Immunopathology Nov 2017
Topics: Age Factors; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immune System; Immunity; Infant, Newborn
PubMed: 29170801
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0657-6 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Association Studies; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Immunity; Neoplasms
PubMed: 34675944
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775101 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Mar 2020"Shanghuo", a concept based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, describes a status of Yin-Yang imbalance when Yang overwhelms Yin. The imbalance of Yin-Yang... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
"Shanghuo", a concept based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, describes a status of Yin-Yang imbalance when Yang overwhelms Yin. The imbalance of Yin-Yang resembles the breaking of homeostasis and manifests by the impaired physiological functions, which leads to the onset, recurrence, and progression of diseases. Since ancient times, Chinese Materia Medica (CMM), such as herbal tea, has been applied as a treatment for "Shanghuo".
AIM OF THE STUDY
This review is aimed to describe the origin of "Shanghuo" from the Yin-Yang theory in TCM, as well as explore the relevance and correlations between "Shanghuo" and diseases susceptibility from the perspective of modern medicine. We also propose several strategies from CMM to improve the status of "Shanghuo" for the purpose of treating diseases.
METHODS
Systematic research of articles with keywords including Shanghuo, Yin-Yang, emotional stress and disease susceptibility was done by using the literature databases (Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, CNKI). Related books, PhD and master's dissertations were also researched. Full scientific plant names were validated by "The Plant List" (www.theplantlist.org).
RESULTS
To date, a large number of publications have reported research on sub-health status, but studies about the theory or intervention of "Shanghuo" are rarely found. The articles we reviewed indicate that accumulated emotional stress is critical for the cause of "Shanghuo". As a status similar to sub-health, "Shanghuo" is also manifested by impaired physiological functions and decreased nonspecific resistance, which increase susceptibility to various diseases. What's more, some studies highlight the importance of TCM treatment towards "Shanghuo" in maintaining normal physiological functions, such as immunity, lipid metabolism and ROS clearance.
CONCLUSIONS
Researches on "Shanghuo" and its mechanism are every rare currently and are in need of investigation in the future. Studies on disease susceptibility recently are mostly about susceptible genes that relate to a few parts of people, however, for most of the people, accumulated emotional stress or other stressors is accountable for the susceptibility of diseases. Given that emotional stress plays an important factor in the causation of "Shanghuo", we reviewed the articles about this relevance and discussed the connection of "Shanghuo" with disease susceptibility in a novel perspective. In addition, we have reviewed the disease susceptibility model of restraint stress from its biochemical manifestation to application in CMM assessment. Although it would be a breakthrough in evaluating CMM efficacy of attenuating disease-susceptibility, understanding the comprehensive theory and establishing more models of "Shanghuo" would be required in further investigation.
Topics: Disease Susceptibility; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Stress, Psychological; Yin-Yang
PubMed: 31863858
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112491