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Forensic Science, Medicine, and... Sep 2020Vitriolage (acid attack) involves an intentional act of violence in which any corrosive is thrown onto the face and body of a person with the intention of disfiguring... (Review)
Review
Vitriolage (acid attack) involves an intentional act of violence in which any corrosive is thrown onto the face and body of a person with the intention of disfiguring them. The most common type of corrosive used in these attacks is sulfuric acid (oil of vitriol) hence the name "vitriolage". Sulfuric acid is a strong acid/corrosive and has a toxic nature that is capable of causing bodily injuries leading to damage to mucous membranes, tissues and skin with blindness, burning, and scars often leading to significant disfigurement with temporary or permanent disability. The main reasons for acid attacks are marriage refusal, rejection of love proposals, dowry issues and male aggression. Acid attacks have horrendous physical, social, psychological and economic effects on victims. This review will delineate the various legal provisions relating to acid attacks with special reference to the recent Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act of 2013 which addressed the issue of these attacks specifically by making it a separate offence in the Indian Penal Code under sections 326 A and B. The Bangladesh Acid Offences Prevention Act 2002 and Acid Crime Control Act, 2002, and legislation and policies combating acid attacks in Cambodia, Nepal and Pakistan will also be mentioned. Additionally, the paper will discuss the role of the judiciary in South Asia by focusing on other landmark judgments and decisions and throw light on the campaign in India namely "Stop Sale Acid" aimed at stopping the unrestricted sale of acid. Finally, further suggestions are proposed to assist in combating this heinous crime.
Topics: Blindness; Burns, Chemical; Cicatrix; Crime Victims; Disabled Persons; Facial Injuries; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Internationality; Motivation; Physical Abuse; Sulfuric Acids
PubMed: 32304016
DOI: 10.1007/s12024-020-00230-7 -
Journal of Clinical Psychology Mar 2019Despite the high prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), no research has systematically studied the occurrence and effects of stigmatization by others towards NSSI... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
Despite the high prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), no research has systematically studied the occurrence and effects of stigmatization by others towards NSSI scarring.
METHODS
The current study measured implicit and explicit attitudes among undergraduates towards NSSI scarring using the implicit association test and questionnaires to compare implicit and explicit biases towards NSSI with biases towards tattoos, a culturally sanctioned form of self-determined marking, as well as nonintentional disfigurement.
RESULTS
Our study demonstrated strong negative implicit and explicit biases towards NSSI when comparing NSSI to tattoos and nonintentional disfigurement.
CONCLUSIONS
Results extend previous research describing stigma towards mental illness and suggest a large negative bias towards NSSI. The importance of studying how stigma affects those who bear scarring from NSSI is discussed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Self-Injurious Behavior; Social Stigma; Tattooing; Young Adult
PubMed: 30368804
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22713 -
Dermatologic Therapy Jul 2019Connective tissue disorders (CTDs) are chronic inflammatory conditions that can lead to scarring and disfiguration. Although conventional methods are often of little... (Review)
Review
Connective tissue disorders (CTDs) are chronic inflammatory conditions that can lead to scarring and disfiguration. Although conventional methods are often of little benefit in cutaneous manifestations, the use of cosmetic procedures is still controversial. Concerns have also been raised concerning cosmetic treatments in CTDs, and particularly regarding lasers and fillers, due to photosensitivity and potential reactivation. This article reviews the cosmetic treatment of various CTDs under three headings - lasers, fillers, and botulinum toxin.
Topics: Botulinum Toxins; Connective Tissue Diseases; Cosmetic Techniques; Dermal Fillers; Humans; Laser Therapy
PubMed: 30983128
DOI: 10.1111/dth.12935 -
Transplant Infectious Disease : An... Dec 2020Trichodysplasia Spinulosa (TS) is a rare proliferative skin disease that occurs primarily in immunocompromised patients, specifically organ transplant recipients. TS is... (Review)
Review
Trichodysplasia Spinulosa (TS) is a rare proliferative skin disease that occurs primarily in immunocompromised patients, specifically organ transplant recipients. TS is characterized by uncontrolled inner root sheath cell proliferation and folliculocentric papular eruption that can progress to disfiguring leonine facies when left untreated. TS presents with distinct histological features including the presence of large eosinophilic, trichohyaline granules within hyperproliferating inner root sheath cells of the hair bulb. The discovery of the Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Polyomavirus (TSPyV) and recent studies highlighting the role of TSPyV tumor antigens in cell proliferation pathways have provided new insight into the mechanisms of TS development. In this review, we discuss the expansion of our understanding of TS, specifically over the past 5 years. We summarize novel cases of TS and recent developments in the mechanisms underlying TSPyV-mediated disease progression. We also evaluate advancements in diagnostic methods and treatment options. As the incidence of TS continues to rise, it is becoming critical for clinicians to understand the clinical features of TS and emerging research regarding pathogenesis and therapeutics for early treatment of this potentially disfiguring disease.
Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Cell Proliferation; Disease Progression; Hair Diseases; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Skin
PubMed: 32748541
DOI: 10.1111/tid.13434 -
Cancer Metastasis Reviews Sep 2017Head and neck cancer (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)) is a devastating disease. Patients require intensive treatment that is often disfiguring and... (Review)
Review
Head and neck cancer (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)) is a devastating disease. Patients require intensive treatment that is often disfiguring and debilitating. Those who survive are often left with poor speech articulation, difficulties in chewing and swallowing, and cosmetic disfigurement, as well as loss of taste. Furthermore, given that HNSCC survivors are frequently disabled and unable to return to work, the economic and societal costs associated with HNSCC are massive. HNSCC is one of many cancers that are strongly associated with tobacco use. The risk for HNSCC in smokers is approximately ten times higher than that of never smokers, and 70-80% of new HNSCC diagnoses are associated with tobacco and alcohol use. Tobacco products have been used for centuries; however, it is just within the last 60-70 years that we have developed an understanding of their damaging effects. This relatively recent understanding has created a pathway towards educational and regulatory efforts aimed at reducing tobacco use. Understanding the carcinogenic components of tobacco products and how they lead to HNSCC is critical to regulatory and harm reduction measures. To date, nitrosamines and other carcinogenic agents present in tobacco products have been associated with cancer development. The disruption of DNA structure through DNA adduct formation is felt to be a common mutagenic pathway of many carcinogens. Intense work pertaining to tobacco product constituents, tobacco use, and tobacco regulation has resulted in decreased use in some parts of the world. Still, much work remains as tobacco continues to impart significant harm and contribute to HNSCC development worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Head and Neck Neoplasms; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Smoking; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
PubMed: 28801840
DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9689-6 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2023Plaque brachytherapy is an evolving, yet effective globe and vision-sparing modality for the treatment of intraocular tumors by transscleral irradiation of the tumor...
BACKGROUND
Plaque brachytherapy is an evolving, yet effective globe and vision-sparing modality for the treatment of intraocular tumors by transscleral irradiation of the tumor base with a radioactive implant. The American Brachytherapy Society (ABS) along with the collaboration of the international multicenter Ophthalmic Oncology Task Force (OOTF) was assembled to reach a consensus regarding establishing practice guidelines and setting standards of care for intraocular tumors. The advent of plaque brachytherapy has revolutionized the outcomes of intraocular tumors, thus ensuring globe salvage, reducing morbidity and mortality, and avoiding cosmetic disfigurement. A well-planned dosimetry for plaque brachytherapy results in achieving local tumor control and excellent prognosis.
PURPOSE
This technique provides the advantage of focal radiation, thus eliminating the damage to the adjacent structures, minimal periorbital tissue damage, absence of cosmetic disfigurement owing to lack of retarded bone growth as seen in external beam radiotherapy. Thus, it reduces the risk of metastasis, and with the recent advances, it provides a shorter duration of treatment.
SYNOPSIS
: In this video, we shall display the concept of plaque brachytherapy, the various types of plaques available, different radiations sources, planning dosimetry and calculations, target disease spectrum, surgical placement, and post-radiation outcomes in terms of local tumor control and prognosis.
HIGHLIGHTS
This video highlights the history, basic principles and techniques of plaque brachytherapy and provides an understanding of its applications in the world of ocular oncology.
VIDEO LINK
https://youtu.be/7PX0mDQETRY.
Topics: Humans; Brachytherapy; Face; Melanoma; Prognosis; Radiotherapy Dosage; United States
PubMed: 37417159
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_1291_23 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jun 2020Rhinophyma is a disfiguring skin condition characterised by progressive hyperplasia of the nasal sebaceous glands and proliferation of blood vessels and connective... (Review)
Review
Rhinophyma is a disfiguring skin condition characterised by progressive hyperplasia of the nasal sebaceous glands and proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue. It is considered the end stage of rosacea and affects primarily older males of Northern European descent. Several surgical and laser treatment options are available. None of these has been compared in randomised, controlled prospective trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the different treatment modalities and account for their respective strengths and limitations.
Topics: Humans; Hyperplasia; Lasers; Light; Male; Prospective Studies; Rhinophyma
PubMed: 32584764
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Case Reports Apr 2016The most common benign salivary gland tumor is pleomorphic adenoma. They can attain giant proportions and weigh several kilograms. They can cause facial disfigurement...
The most common benign salivary gland tumor is pleomorphic adenoma. They can attain giant proportions and weigh several kilograms. They can cause facial disfigurement and, if untreated, could lead malignant transformation. This image depicts a 7.5 kg pleomorphic adenoma of right submandibular gland with malignant change in a 55-year-old male.
PubMed: 27099752
DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.490 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2022Hundreds of thousands of individuals experience traumatic injuries each year. Some are mild to moderate in nature and patients experience full functional recovery and... (Review)
Review
Hundreds of thousands of individuals experience traumatic injuries each year. Some are mild to moderate in nature and patients experience full functional recovery and little change to their physical appearance. Others result in enduring, if not permanent, changes in physical functioning and appearance. Reconstructive plastic surgical procedures are viable treatments options for many patients who have experienced the spectrum of traumatic injuries. The goal of these procedures is to restore physical functioning and reduce the psychosocial burden of living with an appearance that may be viewed negatively by the patient or by others. Even after receipt of reconstructive procedures, many patients are left with residual disfigurement. In some, disability and disfigurement may be so profound that individuals are candidates for vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) procedures, i.e., the transplantation of a vascularized human body part containing multiple tissue types (skin, muscle, bone, nerves, and blood vessels) as an anatomical and/or structural unit. This narrative review paper summarizes the literature on the psychosocial burden experienced by those who have visible disfigurement. While many of these individuals experience stigma and discrimination, relatively few studies have employed a stigma framework to understand the psychosocial sequelea. This paper briefly addresses this framework. Last, particular focus is given to the psychosocial issues of individuals with particularly severe injuries who are potential candidates for VCA procedures.
PubMed: 36110275
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.979574