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Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science... Nov 2023The sensation of thirstiness is the desire to drink water. In certain situations, the ingestion of liquid water can be restricted. As a result, thirstiness is not... (Review)
Review
The sensation of thirstiness is the desire to drink water. In certain situations, the ingestion of liquid water can be restricted. As a result, thirstiness is not relieved, resulting in an uncomfortable and distressing situation. The present review describes thirstiness and hydration, the food products and beverages that cause thirstiness, and the beverages and food products currently available to quench thirstiness in individuals with restricted access to liquid ingestion. It also discusses how to measure the effectiveness of calming thirstiness. To diminish thirstiness distress, different alternatives to liquids are proposed. Individuals with swallowing disorders are given thickened water, individuals with restricted water ingestion are given ice cubes or ice popsicles of different flavors, and sportspeople are given energy gels. However, current beverage solutions seem not to relieve thirst fully, although some stimuli like iced water, flavors (especially lemon and mint), or acids seem to work better than plain stimuli and could be added to existing products. Therefore, there is still a need to incorporate these strategies into beverage and food formulations and to test their effectiveness.
Topics: Humans; Thirst; Ice; Sensation; Food; Water
PubMed: 37583300
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13229 -
British Poultry Science Apr 20181. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dry-ice decontamination on equipment and carcase surfaces in a poultry slaughterhouse and to present an...
1. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dry-ice decontamination on equipment and carcase surfaces in a poultry slaughterhouse and to present an effective alternative method to the conventional decontamination processes. 2. Appreciable reductions occurred in total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts of surface swab samples treated with dry ice (maximum difference 3.92 log cfu/100 cm). 3. After dry-ice treatment, Listeria spp. were detected on surfaces of pluckers and chiller cylinders, whereas Salmonella spp. were totally inhibited. 4. A dry-ice spraying application was more effective than a dry-ice immersing application on total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and yeast and mould counts on poultry carcases. 5. Dry-ice treatment has advantages over conventional processes. Unlike other decontamination techniques, there are no residues, so no need to wash off chemical residues from surfaces as it removes contaminants effortlessly and is environmentally friendly. 6. Dry-ice blasting of production equipment can reduce the microbial load and has potential for use in the poultry industry.
Topics: Abattoirs; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Bacteria, Aerobic; Chickens; Colony Count, Microbial; Decontamination; Dry Ice; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Listeria; Meat; Salmonella
PubMed: 29160720
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1403565 -
Journal of Dairy Science Nov 2023The distribution of phospholipids (PL) within the fat and serum phase of ice cream manufacturing was evaluated through partition coefficients (K) after mixing,...
The distribution of phospholipids (PL) within the fat and serum phase of ice cream manufacturing was evaluated through partition coefficients (K) after mixing, pasteurization, freezing, and hardening. Ice creams containing about 40.41 ± 3.45 (± standard deviation; control formulation) and 112.29 ± 9.06 (enriched PL formulation) mg of PL per g of fat were formulated with nonfat dry milk and β-serum, respectively. Overall, the K were lower than 1, indicating that the PL were predominantly found in the fat phase, and only a small amount was left in the serum and sediment. Confocal micrographs visually confirmed this generalization. The addition of PL significantly increased the viscosity of the mixes between 4- and 9-fold, depending on the shear rate. Additionally, mixes containing high PL exhibited higher yield stress than those formulated with low PL (0.15 ± 0.09 and 0.016 ± 0.08 Pa, respectively). Ice creams with high PL delayed the onset of meltdown and exhibited a slower rate of a meltdown than low-PL ice creams (18.53 ± 0.57 and 14.83 ± 0.85 min, and 1.01 ± 0.05 and 0.71 ± 0.04% min, respectively). This study provides useful guidelines for manufacturing ice cream enriched in milk PL. Additionally, the use of β-serum, a byproduct stream, as a source of PL is illustrated. The development will require studying the sensorial description of the product as well as consumer acceptance.
PubMed: 37641266
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23145 -
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory... Nov 2017We recently observed that exposure to dry ice lowered sample pH and increased clotting times in lupus anticoagulant analyses, and that such changes could be prevented by...
BACKGROUND
We recently observed that exposure to dry ice lowered sample pH and increased clotting times in lupus anticoagulant analyses, and that such changes could be prevented by placing samples at -80°C after dry ice exposure. In the current study, we sought to evaluate the effects of dry ice exposure on pH and various commonly used coagulation analyses.
METHODS
Citrated plasma from 30 healthy blood donors was allocated to four preanalytical regimes: (1) immediate analysis of fresh plasma or (2) storage at -20°C; (3) storage at -20°C followed by dry ice exposure for 24 h or (4) storage at -20°C followed by dry ice exposure for 24 h and storage at -80°C for 24 h before analysis. Analyses of pH, prothrombin time international normalized ratio (PT-INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), antithrombin, fibrinogen, protein C and protein S was performed.
RESULTS
Samples exposed to dry ice had significantly lower pH, prolonged clotting times in PT-INR, APTT and fibrinogen analyses as well as lower levels of protein C, than samples not exposed to dry ice. These changes in coagulation analyses were not present if samples were stored at -80°C for 24 h after dry ice exposure. Antithrombin and protein S were not significantly affected by dry ice exposure.
CONCLUSIONS
Dry ice exposure lowered sample pH and affected various coagulation analyses. These effects were avoided by storing samples at -80°C for 24 h after dry ice exposure.
Topics: Blood Coagulation Tests; Dry Ice; Fibrinogen; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; International Normalized Ratio; Partial Thromboplastin Time; Protein C; Protein S
PubMed: 28844073
DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0263 -
Annual Review of Physical Chemistry Apr 2021Aerosols are liquid or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere, typically with diameters on the order of nanometers to microns. These particles impact air quality...
Aerosols are liquid or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere, typically with diameters on the order of nanometers to microns. These particles impact air quality and the radiative balance of the planet. Dry deposition is a key process for the removal of aerosols from the atmosphere and plays an important role in controlling the lifetime of atmospheric aerosols. Dry deposition is driven by turbulence and shows a strong dependence on particle size. This review summarizes the mechanisms behind aerosol dry deposition, including measurement approaches, field observations, and modeling studies. We identify several gaps in the literature, including deposition over the cryosphere (i.e., snow and ice surfaces) and the ocean; in addition, we highlight new techniques to measure black carbon fluxes. While recent advances in aerosol instrumentation have enhanced our understanding of aerosol sources and chemistry, dry deposition and other loss processes remain poorly investigated.
PubMed: 33472381
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090519-034936 -
Pharmaceutical Development and... Oct 2022Freeze-drying (FD) is the most substantial drying technique utilized in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. It is a drying process where the solvent is... (Review)
Review
Freeze-drying (FD) is the most substantial drying technique utilized in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. It is a drying process where the solvent is crystallized at low temperatures and then sublimed from the solid-state directly into the vapor phase. Although FD possesses several merits as its suitability for thermolabile materials and its ability to produce dry products with high-quality attributes, it is a complex and prolonged process that requires optimization of both; process and formulation variables. This review attains to disassemble FD complications through a detailed explanation of the lyophilization concept, stages, the factors influencing the process including controlled ice nucleation, and the modified and innovative FD technologies proposed in recent years to overcome the shortage of traditional FD. In addition, this work points out the quality by design (QbD), critical quality of attributes (CQAs), limitations, and drawbacks of lyophilization.HIGHLIGHTSLyophilization is a propitious drying technique for thermolabile materials.Optimizing the lyophilization cycle requires controlling the process parameters.The formulation excipients and the dispersion medium play crucial roles in designing a successful process.Numerous approaches were developed to ameliorate the lyophilization performance.
Topics: Freeze Drying; Excipients; Drug Compounding; Desiccation; Solvents
PubMed: 36174214
DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2129385 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Nov 2023This protocol describes how to obtain high-quality retinal cryosections in larger animals, such as rabbits. After enucleation, the eye is briefly immersed in the...
This protocol describes how to obtain high-quality retinal cryosections in larger animals, such as rabbits. After enucleation, the eye is briefly immersed in the fixative. Then, the cornea and iris are removed and the eye is left overnight for additional fixation at 4 °C. Following fixation, the lens is removed. The eye is then placed in a cryomold and filled with an embedding medium. By removing the lens, the embedding medium has better access to the vitreous and leads to better retinal stability. Importantly, the eye should be incubated in embedding medium overnight to allow complete infiltration throughout the vitreous. Following overnight incubation, the eye is frozen on dry ice and sectioned. Whole retinal sections may be obtained for use in immunohistochemistry. Standard staining protocols may be utilized to study the localization of antigens within the retinal tissue. Adherence to this protocol results in high-quality retinal cryosections that may be used in any experiment utilizing immunohistochemistry.
Topics: Animals; Rabbits; Eye; Retina; Lens, Crystalline; Cornea; Iris; Immunohistochemistry
PubMed: 38009731
DOI: 10.3791/66115 -
Journal of Dental Research Jul 2021It is important for dental care professionals to reliably assess carbon dioxide (CO) levels and ventilation rates in their offices in the era of frequent infectious...
It is important for dental care professionals to reliably assess carbon dioxide (CO) levels and ventilation rates in their offices in the era of frequent infectious disease pandemics. This study was to evaluate CO levels in dental operatories and determine the accuracy of using CO levels to assess ventilation rate in dental clinics. Mechanical ventilation rate in air change per hour (ACH) was measured with an air velocity sensor and airflow balancing hood. CO levels were measured in these rooms to analyze factors that contributed to CO accumulation. Ventilation rates were estimated using natural steady-state CO levels during dental treatments and experimental CO concentration decays by dry ice or mixing baking soda and vinegar. We compared the differences and assessed the correlations between ACH and ventilation rates estimated by the steady-state CO model with low (0.3 L/min, ACH) or high (0.46 L/min, ACH) CO generation rates, by CO decay constants using dry ice (ACH) or baking soda (ACH), and by time needed to remove 63% of excess CO generated by dry ice (ACH) or baking soda (ACH). We found that ACH varied from 3.9 to 35.0 in dental operatories. CO accumulation occurred in rooms with low ventilation (ACH ≤6) and overcrowding but not in those with higher ventilation. ACH and ACH correlated well with ACH ( = 0.83, = 0.003), but ACH was more accurate for rooms with low ACH. Ventilation rates could be reliably estimated using CO released from dry ice or baking soda. ACH was highly correlated with ACH ( = 0.99), ACH ( = 0.98), ACH ( = 0.98), and ACH ( = 0.98). There were no statistically significant differences between ACH and ACH or ACH. We conclude that ventilation rates could be conveniently and accurately assessed by observing the changes in CO levels after a simple mixing of household baking soda and vinegar in dental settings.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Dental Care; Humans; Ventilation
PubMed: 33973494
DOI: 10.1177/00220345211014441 -
Mass Spectrometry Reviews 2016Dried blood spots (DBS) typically consist in the deposition of small volumes of capillary blood onto dedicated paper cards. Comparatively to whole blood or plasma... (Review)
Review
Dried blood spots (DBS) typically consist in the deposition of small volumes of capillary blood onto dedicated paper cards. Comparatively to whole blood or plasma samples, their benefits rely in the fact that sample collection is easier and that logistic aspects related to sample storage and shipment can be relatively limited, respectively, without the need of a refrigerator or dry ice. Originally, this approach has been developed in the sixties to support the analysis of phenylalanine for the detection of phenylketonuria in newborns using bacterial inhibition test. In the nineties tandem mass spectrometry was established as the detection technique for phenylalanine and tyrosine. DBS became rapidly recognized for their clinical value: they were widely implemented in pediatric settings with mass spectrometric detection, and were closely associated to the debut of newborn screening (NBS) programs, as a part of public health policies. Since then, sample collection on paper cards has been explored with various analytical techniques in other areas more or less successfully regarding large-scale applications. Moreover, in the last 5 years a regain of interest for DBS was observed and originated from the bioanalytical community to support drug development (e.g., PK studies) or therapeutic drug monitoring mainly. Those recent applications were essentially driven by improved sensitivity of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. This review presents an overall view of all instrumental and methodological developments for DBS analysis with mass spectrometric detection, with and without separation techniques. A general introduction to DBS will describe their advantages and historical aspects of their emergence. A second section will focus on blood collection, with a strong emphasis on specific parameters that can impact quantitative analysis, including chromatographic effects, hematocrit effects, blood effects, and analyte stability. A third part of the review is dedicated to sample preparation and will consider off-line and on-line extractions; in particular, instrumental designs that have been developed so far for DBS extraction will be detailed. Flow injection analysis and applications will be discussed in section IV. The application of surface analysis mass spectrometry (DESI, paper spray, DART, APTDCI, MALDI, LDTD-APCI, and ICP) to DBS is described in section V, while applications based on separation techniques (e.g., liquid or gas chromatography) are presented in section VI. To conclude this review, the current status of DBS analysis is summarized, and future perspectives are provided.
Topics: Amino Acids; Blood Specimen Collection; Chromatography, Liquid; Dried Blood Spot Testing; Flow Injection Analysis; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Mass Spectrometry; Neonatal Screening
PubMed: 25252132
DOI: 10.1002/mas.21441 -
Cardiovascular Research Feb 2021Recent technical developments have allowed the study of the human microbiome to accelerate at an unprecedented pace. Methodological differences may have considerable... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Observational Study
AIMS
Recent technical developments have allowed the study of the human microbiome to accelerate at an unprecedented pace. Methodological differences may have considerable impact on the results obtained. Thus, we investigated how different storage, isolation, and DNA extraction methods can influence the characterization of the intestinal microbiome, compared to the impact of true biological signals such as intraindividual variability, nutrition, health, and demographics.
METHODS AND RESULTS
An observative cohort study in 27 healthy subjects was performed. Participants were instructed to collect stool samples twice spaced by a week, using six different methods (naive and Zymo DNA/RNA Shield on dry ice, OMNIgene GUT, RNALater, 95% ethanol, Zymo DNA/RNA Shield at room temperature). DNA extraction from all samples was performed comparatively using QIAamp Power Fecal and ZymoBIOMICS DNA Kits. 16S rRNA sequencing of the gut microbiota as well as qPCRs were performed on the isolated DNA. Metrics included alpha diversity as well as multivariate and univariate comparisons of samples, controlling for covariate patterns computationally. Interindividual differences explained 7.4% of overall microbiome variability, whereas the choice of DNA extraction method explained a further 5.7%. At phylum level, the tested kits differed in their recovery of Gram-positive bacteria, which is reflected in a significantly skewed enterotype distribution.
CONCLUSION
DNA extraction methods had the highest impact on observed microbiome variability, and were comparable to interindividual differences, thus may spuriously mimic the microbiome signatures of various health and nutrition factors. Conversely, collection methods had a relatively small influence on microbiome composition. The present study provides necessary insight into the technical variables which can lead to divergent results from seemingly similar study designs. We anticipate that these results will contribute to future efforts towards standardization of microbiome quantification procedures in clinical research.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; DNA, Bacterial; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Germany; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Intestines; Male; Middle Aged; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Ribotyping; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 32374853
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa128