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Helicobacter Dec 2016The mechanisms for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced duodenal ulcerogenesis are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of H. pylori...
BACKGROUND
The mechanisms for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced duodenal ulcerogenesis are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of H. pylori infection on the expressions and functional activities of human duodenal mucosal bicarbonate transport proteins and hope to further clarify the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated duodenal ulcer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiments were performed in the patients with H. pylori-associated duodenal ulcers, H. pylori-associated chronic gastritis, and H. pylori-negative healthy subjects. Duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion was measured by Ussing Chamber technology.
RESULTS
The expressions of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate transport proteins, CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) and SLC26A6 (solute-linked carrier 26 gene A6), in the patients with H. pylori-associated duodenal ulcers were markedly lower than those in healthy controls. Basal and both forskolin- and prostaglandin E -stimulated duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretions in the patients with H. pylori-associated duodenal ulcers were also lower than those in healthy controls. After anti-H. pylori treatment for H. pylori-associated duodenal ulcers, duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion and CFTR and SLC26A6 expressions in H. pylori-eradicated patients recovered to levels comparable to healthy controls, but those were found to be not significantly altered in non-H. pylori-eradicated patients. The further results showed that decreases in the H. pylori-induced CFTR and SLC26A6 expression were related to the severity and virulent factors of H. pylori infection.
CONCLUSION
H. pylori infection impairs the expressions and functional activities of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate transport proteins, CFTR and SLC26A6, which contributes to the development of duodenal ulcer.
Topics: Adult; Bicarbonates; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; Duodenum; Female; Helicobacter Infections; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Sulfate Transporters; Young Adult
PubMed: 27004488
DOI: 10.1111/hel.12309 -
The American Journal of Surgical... Jan 2022Celiac disease is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy driven by dietary gluten found in genetically susceptible hosts. It has a worldwide distribution, is one of the... (Review)
Review
Celiac disease is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy driven by dietary gluten found in genetically susceptible hosts. It has a worldwide distribution, is one of the most common autoimmune disorders globally, and is the only autoimmune condition for which the trigger is known. Despite advances in characterizing mechanisms of disease, gaps in understanding of celiac disease pathogenesis remain. A "frontier" concept is considering what moves an HLA-DQ2 or DQ8-positive individual from asymptomatic gluten tolerance to celiac disease manifestation. In this arena, environmental triggers, including age at the time of initial gluten exposure, the occurrence of usual childhood viral infections, and microbiome alterations have emerged as key events in triggering the symptomatic disease. Pathologists play a major role in frontier aspects of celiac disease. This includes the discovery that duodenal mucosal histology in follow-up biopsies does not correlate with ongoing patient symptoms, antitissue transglutaminase antibody titers and diet adherence in celiac disease patients. Further, in light of recent evidence that the detection of monoclonal T-cell populations in formalin-fixed biopsies is not specific for type II refractory celiac disease, pathologists should resist performing such analyses until common causes of "apparent" refractoriness are excluded. The promise of therapies in celiac disease has led to clinical trials targeting many steps in the inflammatory cascade, which depend upon a pathologist's confirmation of the initial diagnosis and evaluation of responses to therapies. As pathologists continue to be active participants in celiac disease research, partnering with other stakeholders, we will continue to impact this important autoimmune disease.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmunity; Bacteria; Biopsy; Celiac Disease; Duodenum; Dysbiosis; Environment; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Phenotype; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; T-Lymphocyte Subsets
PubMed: 33739793
DOI: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000001639 -
Experimental Parasitology Mar 2023This study aimed to evaluate histological, digestive and postabsorptive physiological parameters in Santa Ines lambs infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and fed...
This study aimed to evaluate histological, digestive and postabsorptive physiological parameters in Santa Ines lambs infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and fed different levels of phosphorus. Therefore, eighteen Santa Ines, castrated male, six-month old, healthy lambs (initial body weight 22.4 ± 2.7 kg) were distributed in one of four treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 split-plot arrangement: Sufficient dietary P level and uninfected (SPui; n = 4), Sufficient dietary P level and infected (SPi; n = 5), Deficient dietary P level and uninfected (DPui; n = 4), Deficient dietary P level and infected (DPi; n = 5). Infected lambs received, orally, a single pulse dose of 40.000 T. colubriformis infective larval stage (L). Animals were fed Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon ssp.; 60%), and cassava meal and maize gluten meal (40%). Measurement of nutrient apparent digestibility and nitrogen metabolism were performed in individual metabolic stalls. To achieve the trial results, it was measured methane emissions in respiratory chambers, urine purine derivatives, ruminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), histological cuts of duodenal mucosal tissues and passage rates fluxes, analyzed by external (Yb, Cr, and Co) and internal (iNDF) markers. Statistical procedures were performed in R studio. The fixed main effects of treatment and the interactions were tested by ANOVA, and means compared by Duncan's test at 5% significance. Apparent digestibility was not affected by treatments, however, nitrogen retained decreased (P < 0.01) and urinary nitrogen losses increased (P < 0.01) in infected animals. Small intestine digesta content, empty segment weight, and length were higher in infected animals (P < 0.05). Passage rate was not majorly affected by infection or dietary P levels. Methane emissions, SCFA concentrations, and purine derivative excretion were also not affected by treatments. Regarding the histology, the vilosity weight (P < 0.05), and crypt depth (P < 0.01) decreased in infected animals. In conclusion, T. colubriformis infection can damage intestinal mucosa and affect nitrogen metabolism, but did not affect the digesta transit, and nutrient digestibility. The P dietary levels did not promote any modification in GIT physiological parameters tested in this study.
Topics: Animals; Male; Animal Feed; Duodenum; Feces; Methane; Nitrogen; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Trichostrongylosis; Trichostrongylus; Intestinal Absorption; Phosphates
PubMed: 36682720
DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108464 -
Pathologica Feb 2022In this paper, we will continue the description of histological findings of infantile and paediatric small bowel alterations with the main clinical pictures and... (Review)
Review
In this paper, we will continue the description of histological findings of infantile and paediatric small bowel alterations with the main clinical pictures and differential diagnosis. We emphasise once again the need to evaluate the biopsies in an adequate clinical contest and with a systematic approach, including epithelial alterations, lamina propria changes, mucosal architecture, and the distribution of inflammation, together with other morphological signs more specific of certain diseases. We describe the histological findings of coeliac and Crohn's disease, gastrointestinal food allergic diseases, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, nutritional deficiencies and infections. Finally, we suggest the principal issues in the drafting the pathological report for appropriate interpretation and usefulness in clinical practice.
Topics: Child; Crohn Disease; Duodenum; Humans; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small
PubMed: 34856605
DOI: 10.32074/1591-951X-338 -
Microbial Pathogenesis May 2017Obesity represents a worldwide public health crisis. Trials suggested that intestinal microbiota may contribute to the development of obesity and highlighted the... (Review)
Review
Obesity represents a worldwide public health crisis. Trials suggested that intestinal microbiota may contribute to the development of obesity and highlighted the involvement of bacteria, including Lactobacillus spp., in changes to the host metabolism. Several experiments have shown significant effects of Lactobacillus probiotics on weight modification. Lactobacillus spp. are involved in the digestion of complex carbohydrates not digested by the host in the colon and also participate in the degradation of lipids and simple sugars in the duodenum and jejunum. Moreover, Lactobacillus species survive throughout the gastrointestinal tract, as they are able to survive in the presence of bile and low pH, and produce an antimicrobial agent, allowing them to reduce the number of bacteria in the gut. Hence, Lactobacillus spp. can have a significant impact on microbiota and, consequently, on weight change. Here, we review current studies of Lactobacillus spp. involved in weight change and discuss the different mechanisms of action by which Lactobacillus spp. acts on host digestion and appears to influence weight.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Bacteriocins; Bile; Body Weight; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cell Proliferation; Colon; Digestion; Duodenum; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Jejunum; Lactobacillus; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolome; Obesity; Probiotics; Public Health; Species Specificity; Weight Gain; Weight Loss
PubMed: 27033001
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.03.006 -
Experimental Parasitology Dec 2015It is well known that sex hormones play an important role during Taenia solium infection; however, to our knowledge no studies exist concerning the immune response...
It is well known that sex hormones play an important role during Taenia solium infection; however, to our knowledge no studies exist concerning the immune response following complete or lobe-specific removal of the pituitary gland during T. solium infection. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze in hamsters, the effects of lack of pituitary hormones on the duodenal immune response, and their impact on T. solium establishment and development. Thus, in order to achieve this goal, we perform anterior pituitary lobectomy (AL, n = 9), neurointermediate pituitary lobectomy (NIL, n = 9) and total hypophysectomy (HYPOX, n = 8), and related to the gut establishment and growth of T. solium, hematoxylin-eosin staining of duodenal tissue and immunofluorescence of duodenal cytokine expression and compared these results to the control intact (n = 8) and control infected group (n = 8). Our results indicate that 15 days post-infection, HYPOX reduces the number and size of intestinally recovered T. solium adults. Using semiquantitative immunofluorescent laser confocal microscopy, we observed that the mean intensity of duodenal IFN-γ and IL-12 Th1 cytokines was mildly expressed in the infected controls, in contrast with the high level of expression of these cytokines in the NIL infected hamsters. Likewise, the duodenum of HYPOX animals showed an increase in the expression of Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-6, when compared to control hamsters. Histological analysis of duodenal mucosa from HYPOX hamsters revealed an exacerbated inflammatory infiltrate located along the lamina propria and related to the presence of the parasite. We conclude that lobe-specific pituitary hormones affect differentially the T. solium development and the gut immune response.
Topics: Animals; Cricetinae; Cytokines; Duodenum; Female; Hypophysectomy; Immunohistochemistry; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-5; Interleukin-6; Intestinal Mucosa; Mesocricetus; Pituitary Gland; Taenia solium; Taeniasis
PubMed: 26481692
DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.10.003 -
PloS One 2016Helminth infections and nutrition can independently alter the composition and abundance of the gastrointestinal microbiota, however, their combined effect is poorly...
Helminth infections and nutrition can independently alter the composition and abundance of the gastrointestinal microbiota, however, their combined effect is poorly understood. Here, we used the T. retortaeformis-rabbit system to examine how the helminth infection and host restriction from coprophagy/ready-to-absorb nutrients affected the duodenal microbiota, and how these changes related to the acquired immune response at the site of infection. A factorial experiment was performed where the bacterial community, its functionality and the immune response were examined in four treatments (Infect, Infect+Collar, Control+Collar and Control). Helminths reduced the diversity and abundance of the microbiota while the combination of parasites and coprophagic restriction led to a more diversified and abundant microbiota than infected cases, without significantly affecting the intensity of infection. Animals restricted from coprophagy and free from parasites exhibited the richest and most abundant bacterial community. By forcing the individuals to absorb nutrients from less digested food, the coprophagic restriction appears to have facilitated the diversity and proliferation of bacteria in the duodenum. Changes in the microbiota were more clearly associated with changes in the immune response for the infected than the nutrient restricted animals. The functional and metabolic characteristics of the duodenal microbiota were not significantly different between treatments. Overall, infection and diet affect the gut microbiota but their interactions and outcome can be complex. These findings can have important implications for the development of control measures to helminth infections where poor nutrition/malnutrition can also be a concern.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Coprophagia; Digestion; Eating; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Helminthiasis; Helminths; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Intestine, Small; Microbiota; Rabbits
PubMed: 27438701
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159770 -
Romanian Journal of Morphology and... 2017Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is one of the most frequent bacterial infections in humans. The studies performed in the last 30 years showed that this bacterium is...
Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is one of the most frequent bacterial infections in humans. The studies performed in the last 30 years showed that this bacterium is the main cause of chronic gastritis and the main etiological agent of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. We investigated the prevalence of HP infection in a group of 1525 patients who addressed a gastroenterology medical center between 2010-2014, in Craiova, Romania, for dyspeptic symptoms. The patients underwent a clinical, endoscopic and serologic investigation for highlighting a possible HP infection. The age of the patients with gastric duodenal pathology varied between 16 and 87 years old. Of the 1525 patients, a number of 971 (63.67%) were diagnosed with HP infection, while the rest of 554 (36.33%) were not infected. The study on the distribution of gastric duodenal pathology and HP infection showed that the lesions of the upper digestive tract and HP infection emerged quite early, a number of 29 patients being aged less than 20 years old; among these, 21 (72.41%) patients were HP positive and only eight (27.59%) were HP negative. In the age group of 20-29 years old there were recorded 184 patients, of which 120 (65.22%) were HP positive and only 64 (34.78%) were HP negative. There may be observed that in the age group of 20-29 years old, both the patients with gastric duodenal pathology and the ones with HP infection increased six times in comparison to the first decade. Most cases were recorded in the patients aged between 50 and 69 years old. The two decades comprised a total number of 607 (39.8%) patients, of which 375 (61.78%) were HP positive and 232 (38.22%) were HP negative. By evaluating the distribution of HP infection according to the social environment, there was observed that there were no significant differences between the patients coming from the urban area and the ones from the rural area, as far as the HP infection was concerned.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Duodenum; Esophagus; Female; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Stomach; Young Adult
PubMed: 29250658
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Research Notes Feb 2022The treatment for nonampullary duodenal adenoma remains to have no consensus and established methods. Although endoscopic treatment is minimally invasive, it was...
OBJECTIVE
The treatment for nonampullary duodenal adenoma remains to have no consensus and established methods. Although endoscopic treatment is minimally invasive, it was reported to cause delayed perforation in more than 20% of cases. For adenomas in the duodenum, we performed endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)-aid surgery, which is a procedure to prophylactically suture the seromuscular structure of the duodenum after ESD. In this procedure, we did not perform Kocher mobilization prior to ESD to facilitate endoscopic resection and full-thickness resection to prevent spread of the tumor and infection to the abdominal cavity. The duodenal wall was reinforced in planes using a suture clip.
RESULTS
Of the 13 cases of duodenal adenoma that underwent ESD-aid surgery at our hospital between April 2018 and December 2020, 1 developed postoperative bleeding, but there was no late perforation. For duodenal adenomas, ESD-aid surgery was considered a safe and minimally invasive treatment.
Topics: Adenoma; Duodenal Neoplasms; Duodenum; Endoscopic Mucosal Resection; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 35144663
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-05922-7 -
Journal of Innate Immunity 2017Alpha-synuclein (αS) is a nerve cell protein associated with Parkinson disease (PD). Accumulation of αS within the enteric nervous system (ENS) and its traffic from...
BACKGROUND
Alpha-synuclein (αS) is a nerve cell protein associated with Parkinson disease (PD). Accumulation of αS within the enteric nervous system (ENS) and its traffic from the gut to the brain are implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of PD. αS has no known function in humans and the reason for its accumulation within the ENS is unknown. Several recent studies conducted in rodents have linked αS to immune cell activation in the central nervous system. We hypothesized that αS in the ENS might play a role in the innate immune defenses of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
METHODS
We immunostained endoscopic biopsies for αS from children with documented gastric and duodenal inflammation and intestinal allograft recipients who contracted norovirus. To determine whether αS exhibited immune-modulatory activity, we examined whether human αS induced leukocyte migration and dendritic cell maturation.
FINDINGS
We showed that the expression of αS in the enteric neurites of the upper GI tract of pediatric patients positively correlated with the degree of acute and chronic inflammation in the intestinal wall. In intestinal allograft subjects who were closely monitored for infection, expression of αS was induced during norovirus infection. We also demonstrated that both monomeric and oligomeric αS have potent chemoattractant activity, causing the migration of neutrophils and monocytes dependent on the presence of the integrin subunit, CD11b, and that both forms of αS stimulate dendritic cell maturation.
INTERPRETATION
These findings strongly suggest that αS is expressed within the human ENS to direct intestinal inflammation and implicates common GI infections in the pathogenesis of PD.
Topics: Adolescent; CD11b Antigen; Caliciviridae Infections; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cells, Cultured; Chemotaxis; Child; Dendritic Cells; Duodenitis; Female; Gastritis; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Intestines; Male; Monocytes; Nervous System; Neurons; Neutrophils; Norovirus; Parkinson Disease; Protein Folding; alpha-Synuclein
PubMed: 28651250
DOI: 10.1159/000477990