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Neurogastroenterology and Motility Jun 2020BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice are widely used in biomedical research; however, the differences between strains are still underestimated. Our aims were to develop an...
BACKGROUND
BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice are widely used in biomedical research; however, the differences between strains are still underestimated. Our aims were to develop an experimental protocol to evaluate the duodenal contractility and gastrointestinal transit in mice using the Alternating Current Biosusceptometry (ACB) technique and to compare gastrointestinal motor function and morphology between BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains.
METHODS
Male mice were used in experiments (a) duodenal contractility: animals which had a magnetic marker surgically fixed in the duodenum to determine the frequency and amplitude of contractions and (b) gastrointestinal transit: animals which ingested a magnetically marked chow to calculate the Oro-Anal Transit Time (OATT) and the Fecal Pellet Elimination Rate (FPER). The animals were killed after the experiments for organ collection and morphometric analysis.
KEY RESULTS
BALB/c and C57BL/6 had two different duodenal frequencies (high and low) with similar amplitudes. After 10 hours of monitoring, BALB/c eliminated around 89% of the ingested marker and C57BL/6 eliminated 33%; OATT and FPER were slower for C57BL/6 compared with BALB/c. The OATT and amplitude of low frequency had a strong positive correlation in C57BL/6. For BALB/c, the gastric muscular layer was thicker compared to that measured for C57BL/6.
CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES
The experimental protocol to evaluate duodenal contractility and fecal magnetic pellets output using the ACB technique in mice was successfully established. BALB/c strains had higher duodenal frequencies and a shorter time to eliminate the ingested marker. Our results showed differences in both motor function and gastrointestinal morphology between BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains.
Topics: Animals; Duodenum; Gastric Fundus; Gastrointestinal Motility; Gastrointestinal Transit; Laparotomy; Male; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle Contraction; Species Specificity
PubMed: 32096330
DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13824 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Jan 2021Shifts in the microbiome have been correlated with the physiology and pathophysiology of many organ systems both in humans and in mouse models. The gut microbiome has...
Shifts in the microbiome have been correlated with the physiology and pathophysiology of many organ systems both in humans and in mouse models. The gut microbiome has been typically studied through fecal specimen collections. The ease of obtaining fecal samples has resulted in many studies that have revealed information concerning the distal luminal gastrointestinal tract. However, few studies have addressed the importance of the microbiome in the proximal gut. Given that the duodenum is a major site for digestion and absorption, its microbiome is relevant to nutrition and liver disease and warrants further investigation. Here we detail a novel method for sampling the proximal luminal and mucosal gut microbiome in human subjects undergoing upper endoscopy by obtaining duodenal aspirate and biopsies. Specimen procurement is facile and unaffected by artifacts such as patient preparatory adherence, as might be the case in obtaining colonic samples during colonoscopy. The preliminary results show that the luminal and mucosal microbiomes differ significantly, which is likely related to environmental conditions and barrier functions. Therefore, a combination of duodenal aspirate and biopsies reveal a more comprehensive picture of the microbiome in the duodenum. Biopsies are obtained from the descending and horizontal segments of the duodenum, which are anatomically close to the liver and biliary tree. This is important in studying the role of bile acid biology and the gut-liver axis in liver disease. Biopsies and aspirate can be used for 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, metabolomics, and other similar applications.
Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Biopsy; DNA; Duodenum; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gene Library; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Principal Component Analysis; Specimen Handling; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 33522511
DOI: 10.3791/61900 -
Abdominal Radiology (New York) Jul 2023Given its crucial location at the crossroads of the gastrointestinal tract, the hepatobiliary system and the splanchnic vessels, the duodenum can be affected by a wide... (Review)
Review
Given its crucial location at the crossroads of the gastrointestinal tract, the hepatobiliary system and the splanchnic vessels, the duodenum can be affected by a wide spectrum of abnormalities. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, in conjunction with endoscopy, are often performed to evaluate these conditions, and several duodenal pathologies can be identified on fluoroscopic studies. Since many conditions affecting this organ are asymptomatic, the role of imaging cannot be overemphasized. In this article we will review the imaging features of many conditions affecting the duodenum, focusing on cross-sectional imaging studies, including congenital malformations, such as annular pancreas and intestinal malrotation; vascular pathologies, such as superior mesenteric artery syndrome; inflammatory and infectious conditions; trauma; neoplasms and iatrogenic complications. Because of the complexity of the duodenum, familiarity with the duodenal anatomy and physiology as well as the imaging features of the plethora of conditions affecting this organ is crucial to differentiate those conditions that could be managed medically from the ones that require intervention.
Topics: Humans; Duodenum; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Diseases
PubMed: 37099183
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-03909-x -
BMJ Case Reports May 2021A 59-year-old woman was referred to a specialist gastroenterologist following a year of intermittent abdominal bloating and worsening reflux. In the month prior to...
A 59-year-old woman was referred to a specialist gastroenterologist following a year of intermittent abdominal bloating and worsening reflux. In the month prior to referral, the patient developed intermittent large volume vomiting consisting of bile-stained undigested food. This was accompanied by a 10 kg weight loss. Imaging and endoscopic investigations showed a circumferential thickening of the second part of the duodenum. Biopsy showed non-specific inflammatory changes with marked eosinophilic infiltrates. A pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. Histopathological analysis of the resection sample showed primary eosinophilic duodenitis with no evidence of malignancy. Immunological testing was only positive for coeliac disease and an infectious cause was never identified. The patient's symptoms resolved following the surgery and she was discharged from surgical follow-up after 8 years of no further symptoms.
Topics: Biopsy; Duodenitis; Duodenum; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Pancreatectomy; Pancreaticoduodenectomy
PubMed: 33972297
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240101 -
Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Sep 2022An increasing number of duodenal tumors are being diagnosed over the years, leading to increased confusion regarding the choice of treatment options. Small-to-large... (Review)
Review
An increasing number of duodenal tumors are being diagnosed over the years, leading to increased confusion regarding the choice of treatment options. Small-to-large tumors and histological types vary from adenoma to carcinoma, and treatment methods may need to be selected according to lesion characteristics. Because of its anatomic characteristics, complications are more likely to occur in the duodenum than in other gastrointestinal organs. Several reports have described the outcomes of conventional endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, cold snare polypectomy, underwater endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic full-thickness resection, and laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for duodenal tumors. However, even in the guidelines set out by various countries, only the treatment methods are listed, and no clear treatment strategies are provided. Although there are few reports with a sufficiently high level of evidence, considering the currently available treatment options is essential. In this report, we reviewed previous reports on each treatment strategy, discussed the current issues and prospects, and proposed the best possible treatment strategy.
Topics: Humans; Duodenal Neoplasms; Colonic Polyps; Treatment Outcome; Colonoscopy; Duodenum; Adenoma
PubMed: 36290814
DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29100537 -
Cirugia Espanola Feb 2015Duodenal injuries constitute a challenge to the Trauma Surgeon, mainly due to their retroperitoneal location. When identified, they present associated with other... (Review)
Review
Duodenal injuries constitute a challenge to the Trauma Surgeon, mainly due to their retroperitoneal location. When identified, they present associated with other abdominal injuries. Consequently, they have an increased morbidity and mortality. At best estimates, duodenal lesions occur in 4.3% of all patients with abdominal injuries, ranging from 3.7% to 5%, and because of their anatomical proximity to other organs, they are rarely an isolated injury. The aim of this paper is to present a concise description of the anatomy, diagnosis, surgical management and treatment of complications of duodenal trauma, and an analysis of complications and mortality rates of duodenal injuries based on a 46-year review of the literature.
Topics: Abdominal Injuries; Duodenum; Humans
PubMed: 25443151
DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2014.08.004 -
Toxicologic Pathology Jul 2015This review focuses on the anatomy, histologic preparation, and pathologic evaluation of extraparenchymal bile and pancreatic ducts (BPDs) and their openings at the... (Review)
Review
This review focuses on the anatomy, histologic preparation, and pathologic evaluation of extraparenchymal bile and pancreatic ducts (BPDs) and their openings at the duodenal papillae in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), the Beagle dog (Canis familiaris), the Wistar Hanover rat (Rattus norvegicus), and the CD1 mouse (Mus musculus). In nonclinical safety assessment, intraparenchymal BPDs (with sections of liver and pancreas, respectively) are evaluated routinely. However, detailed evaluation of the extraparenchymal BPDs or the duodenal papillae is not included. In the context of nonclinical safety assessment studies, this review describes situations in which evaluation of extraparenchymal ductal structures and duodenal papillae may be useful in characterizing test article-related changes; elucidates anatomic similarities between human, macaque, and dog and notable differences in rats and mice; and consolidates the information required for the histopathologic evaluation of these tissues.
Topics: Animals; Bile Ducts; Dogs; Duodenum; Macaca; Mice; Pancreatic Ducts; Pathology; Rats; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 25633421
DOI: 10.1177/0192623314560612 -
Pituitary Apr 2021To evaluate the effects of somatostatin analogs and disease activity status on the upper gastrointestinal system in patients with acromegaly.
PURPOSE
To evaluate the effects of somatostatin analogs and disease activity status on the upper gastrointestinal system in patients with acromegaly.
METHODS
One hundred eighty-one patients with acromegaly were retrospectively assessed. The demographic, biochemical, pathologic, and radiologic data of the patients were evaluated. The upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and endoscopic biopsies were investigated. We divided patients into four groups according to the use of somatostatin analogs, and into two groups according to disease activity. We compared the data of patients between groups A, B, C, and D, and controlled/uncontrolled groups separately.
RESULTS
Before and in the peri-endoscopic period, 67 and 27 patients were being treated with octreotide long-acting release (LAR) (group A) and lanreotide autogel (group B), respectively. Twenty-one patients used somatostatin analogs, but they were stopped for various reasons before upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (group C), and 66 patients did not use a somatostatin analog (group D). In the peri-endoscopic period, 103 (60%) patients were responsive to medical and/or surgical treatment and 67 (40%) patients were non-responsive. The rate of gastritis was higher in group A than in groups B and D. The incidence of duodenitis and gastric ulcer was much higher in group D. The rate of gastritis was higher in the controlled group compared to the uncontrolled group.
CONCLUSION
The study showed that octreotide LAR treatment could be a risk factor in addition to known factors for the development of gastritis in patients with acromegaly.
Topics: Acromegaly; Aged; Duodenitis; Female; Gastritis; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Somatostatin
PubMed: 33074400
DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01095-3 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Apr 2019Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract involvement of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is commonly seen in pediatric patients. Upper endoscopy is included in the routine... (Review)
Review
Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract involvement of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is commonly seen in pediatric patients. Upper endoscopy is included in the routine workup of children with suspected IBD to enhance the diagnosis and management of these patients. Currently, childhood IBD is classified into ulcerative colitis (UC), atypical UC, Crohn's disease (CD) and IBD unclassified. Histologic confirmation of UGI tract involvement, in particular the presence of epithelioid (non-caseating) granulomas, is helpful in confirming the diagnosis of IBD and its classification. Herein, we reviewed selected IBD-associated UGI tract manifestations in children. Lymphocytic esophagitis, seen predominantly in CD, is histologically characterized by increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (> 20 in one high-power field) in a background of mucosal injury with absence of granulocytes. Focally enhanced gastritis is a form of gastric inflammation in pediatric IBD marked by a focal lymphohistiocytic pit inflammation with or without granulocytes and plasma cells in a relatively normal background gastric mucosa. Duodenal inflammation seen in children with IBD includes cryptitis, villous flattening, increased intraepithelial lymphocytes, and lamina propria eosinophilia. Finally, epithelioid granulomas not associated with ruptured gland/crypt are a diagnostic feature of CD. The clinicopathologic correlation and differential diagnosis of each microscopic finding are discussed. Clinicians and pathologists should be cognizant of the utility and limitations of these histologic features.
Topics: Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Duodenitis; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Esophagitis; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Intraepithelial Lymphocytes; Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
PubMed: 31086461
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i16.1928 -
Gastroenterology Apr 2021
Topics: Aged; Computed Tomography Angiography; Constriction, Pathologic; Duodenitis; Duodenoscopy; Endovascular Procedures; Humans; Male; Mesenteric Artery, Superior; Mesenteric Ischemia; Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Splanchnic Circulation; Stents; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32828815
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.034