-
FASEB Journal : Official Publication of... Feb 2023Ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy is a major cause of lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Although mechanical stress is thought to be a major factor involved in LF...
Ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy is a major cause of lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Although mechanical stress is thought to be a major factor involved in LF hypertrophy, the exact mechanism by which it causes hypertrophy has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, changes in gene expression due to long-term mechanical stress were analyzed using RNA-seq in a rabbit LF hypertrophy model. In combination with previously reported analysis results, periostin was identified as a molecule whose expression fluctuates due to mechanical stress. The expression and function of periostin were further investigated using human LF tissues and primary LF cell cultures. Periostin was abundantly expressed in human hypertrophied LF tissues, and periostin gene expression was significantly correlated with LF thickness. In vitro, mechanical stress increased gene expressions of periostin, transforming growth factor-β1, α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type 1 alpha 1, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in LF cells. Periostin blockade suppressed the mechanical stress-induced gene expression of IL-6 while periostin treatment increased IL-6 gene expression. Our results suggest that periostin is upregulated by mechanical stress and promotes inflammation by upregulating IL-6 expression, which leads to LF degeneration and hypertrophy. Periostin may be a pivotal molecule for LF hypertrophy and a promising therapeutic target for lumbar spinal stenosis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rabbits; Interleukin-6; Ligamentum Flavum; Stress, Mechanical; Spinal Stenosis; Hypertrophy
PubMed: 36583686
DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200917RR -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021Notch signaling has been identified as a critical regulator of cartilage development and homeostasis. Its pivotal role was established by both several joint specific...
Notch signaling has been identified as a critical regulator of cartilage development and homeostasis. Its pivotal role was established by both several joint specific Notch signaling loss of function mouse models and transient or sustained overexpression. NOTCH1 is the most abundantly expressed NOTCH receptors in normal cartilage and its expression increases in osteoarthritis (OA), when chondrocytes exit from their healthy "maturation arrested state" and resume their natural route of proliferation, hypertrophy, and terminal differentiation. The latter are hallmarks of OA that are easily evaluated in vitro in 2-D or 3-D culture models. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of NOTCH1 knockdown on proliferation (cell count and Picogreen mediated DNA quantification), cell cycle (flow cytometry), hypertrophy (gene and protein expression of key markers such as RUNX2 and MMP-13), and terminal differentiation (viability measured in 3-D cultures by luminescence assay) of human OA chondrocytes. NOTCH1 silencing of OA chondrocytes yielded a healthier phenotype in both 2-D (reduced proliferation) and 3-D with evidence of decreased hypertrophy (reduced expression of RUNX2 and MMP-13) and terminal differentiation (increased viability). This demonstrates that NOTCH1 is a convenient therapeutic target to attenuate OA progression.
Topics: Aged; Cell Culture Techniques, Three Dimensional; Cells, Cultured; Chondrocytes; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; Osteoarthritis; Receptor, Notch1; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34769441
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112012 -
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 2020In Asia, the temporal hollowing is considered to be a sign of bad fortune and aging. Many people demand to correct the temporal hollowing with fat grafting....
OBJECTIVE
In Asia, the temporal hollowing is considered to be a sign of bad fortune and aging. Many people demand to correct the temporal hollowing with fat grafting. Subsequently, the temporal hypertrophy secondary to fat grafting become more and more. This study attempted to preliminarily explore the causes of temporal hypertrophy and observe the safety and effectiveness of liposuction in correcting temporal hypertrophy.
METHODS
A diagnostic criteria for temporal hypertrophy was established, and 55 of 78 patients who complained of temporal swelling were defined as temporal hypertrophy, and filled out a questionnaire which included patients' basic information, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative problems related to fat grafting, as well as their acceptance of liposuction. Analyze the results of the questionnaire to explore which factors are associated with hypertrophy. Practice liposuction on patients who are willing to try liposuction. Postoperative complications were observed to determine the safety of liposuction. The patients, doctors, and bystanders were followed up 3 months postoperative to investigate the satisfaction of the operation for analyzing the effectiveness of liposuction for temporal hypertrophy.
RESULTS
Before fat grafting, 13 (23.6%) patients without significant temporal hollowing and 42 (76.4%) patients with obvious temporal hollowing; 28 (50.9%) patients with 1 fat grafting, 20 (36.4%) with 2 fat gratings, 7 (12.7%) with 3 fat grafting. The mean time between 2 fat gratings was 4.8 months. The fat donor sites: 50 (90.9%) patients in thigh, 4 (7.3%) in abdomen, and in 1 (1.8%) in waist. The average onset time of hypertrophy in 55 patients was 13.1 months after the last fat grafting. The average onset time of temporal hypertrophy of the weight-gain group (25.7 months) was significant later than that of the weight-invariant group (7 months) (P < 0.01).No irregularities, skin necrosis, hematoma, or infection was found in all patients. One patient showed the damage to temporal branch of facial nerve on right side, which fully recovered at 1 week postoperative. 7 (22.6%) patients, 10 (32.3%) doctors, and 8 (25.8%) laypersons reported satisfactory results; 14 (45.2%) patients, 15 (48.4%) doctors, and 14 (45.2%) laypersons reported mostly satisfactory results; 10 (32.3%) patients, 6 (19.4%) doctors, and 9 (29.0%) laypersons reported dissatisfactory results.
CONCLUSIONS
To prevent temporal hypertrophy, the following points are important: to rationally choose of indication of temporal fat grafting, to wait 1 to 2 years before next fat grafting, to maintain weight stability after fat grafting, to practice conservative fat grafting, to prudently choose fat donor site. Liposuction is safe for temporal hypertrophy, but it is not easy to operate and difficult to correct all cases. Therefore, a superior treatment plan should be explored.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Lipectomy; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Surveys and Questionnaires; Transplantation, Autologous; Young Adult
PubMed: 33136845
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000006628 -
Archives of Physical Medicine and... Jun 2022To determine the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or functional electrical stimulation (FES), or both, training on different body composition... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To determine the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or functional electrical stimulation (FES), or both, training on different body composition parameters in individuals with spinal cord injury.
DATA SOURCES
Three independent reviewers searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Central, and Virtual Health Library until March 2020.
STUDY SELECTION
Studies were included if they applied NMES/FES on the lower limb muscles after spinal cord injury, reported stimulation parameters (frequency, pulse duration, and amplitude of current), and body composition parameters, which included muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), fat-free mass, lean mass (LM), fat mass, visceral adipose tissue, and intramuscular fat.
DATA SYNTHESIS
A total of 46 studies were included in the final analysis with a total sample size of 414 subjects. NMES loading exercise and FES cycling exercise were commonly used for training. Increases in muscle CSA ranged from 5.7-75%, with an average of 26% (n=33). Fifteen studies reported changes (both increase and decrease) in LM or fat-free mas ranged from -4% to 35%, with an average of less than 5%. Changes in fat mass (n=10) were modest. The effect on ectopic adipose tissue is inconclusive, with 2 studies showing an average reduction in intramuscular fat by 9.9%. Stimulation parameters ranged from 200-1000 μs for pulse duration, 2-60 Hz for the frequency, and 10-200 mA in amplitude. Finally, increase in weekly training volumes after NMES loading exercise resulted in a remarkable increase in percentage changes in LM or muscle CSA.
CONCLUSIONS
NMES/FES is an effective rehabilitation strategy for muscle hypertrophy and increasing LM. Weekly training volumes are associated with muscle hypertrophy after NMES loading exercise. Furthermore, positive muscle adaptations occur despite the applied stimulation parameters. Finally, the included studies reported wide range of stimulation parameters without reporting rationale for such selection.
Topics: Body Composition; Electric Stimulation; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Humans; Hypertrophy; Muscle, Skeletal; Resistance Training; Spinal Cord Injuries
PubMed: 34687676
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.09.004 -
Cardiovascular Research Feb 2020In patients with pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is a detrimental condition that ultimately results in right heart failure and death. The...
AIMS
In patients with pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is a detrimental condition that ultimately results in right heart failure and death. The ubiquitin proteasome system has been identified as a major protein degradation system to regulate cardiac remodelling in the left heart. Its role in right heart hypertrophy, however, is still ambiguous.
METHODS AND RESULTS
RVH was induced in mice by pulmonary artery banding (PAB). Both, expression and activity of the proteasome was found to be up-regulated in the hypertrophied right ventricle (RV) compared to healthy controls. Catalytic inhibition of the proteasome by the two proteasome inhibitors Bortezomib (BTZ) and ONX-0912 partially improved RVH both in preventive and therapeutic applications. Native gel analysis revealed that specifically the 26S proteasome complexes were activated in experimental RVH. Increased assembly of 26S proteasomes was accompanied by elevated expression of Rpn6, a rate-limiting subunit of 26S proteasome assembly, in hypertrophied cardiomyocytes of the right heart. Intriguingly, patients with RVH also showed increased expression of Rpn6 in hypertrophied cardiomyocytes of the RV as identified by immunohistochemical staining.
CONCLUSION
Our data demonstrate that alterations in expression and activity of proteasomal subunits play a critical role in the development of RVH. Moreover, this study provides an improved understanding on the selective activation of the 26S proteasome in RVH that might be driven by the rate-limiting subunit Rpn6. In RVH, Rpn6 therefore represents a more specific target to interfere with proteasome function than the commonly used catalytic proteasome inhibitors.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular; Inflammation Mediators; Mice; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Proteasome Inhibitors; Signal Transduction; Ubiquitination; Ventricular Function, Right; Ventricular Remodeling
PubMed: 31020333
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz103 -
European Spine Journal : Official... May 2015Hypertrophic craniocervical pachymeningitis (HCP) is a rare disease causing chronic inflammatory hypertrophy of the cranial and spinal dura mater. To increase awareness...
PURPOSE
Hypertrophic craniocervical pachymeningitis (HCP) is a rare disease causing chronic inflammatory hypertrophy of the cranial and spinal dura mater. To increase awareness of this condition, we report the details of a case here.
METHODS
We reviewed the case of a 78-year-old man presenting with a rare case of HCP and summarized the clinical features, laboratory evaluations and treatment of the case.
RESULTS
In this case, the HCP involved the intracranial dura and high cervical regions, manifesting as lower cranial nerve palsies, headache, and neck pain, developing over 7 months. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed thickening of the dura in the craniocervical region with peripheral enhancement. Steroid therapy was commenced and the symptoms improved rapidly.
CONCLUSIONS
HCP can be diagnosed by MRI and laboratory investigations. In this case corticosteroid treatment was effective, although care must be taken when slowly reducing the dose. This case highlights HCP as a cause of progressive cerebellomedullar and cervical spinal cord symptoms.
Topics: Aged; Cervical Cord; Cervical Vertebrae; Chronic Disease; Cranial Nerve Diseases; Dura Mater; Glucocorticoids; Headache; Humans; Hypertrophy; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Meningitis; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 25893340
DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-3956-4 -
Current Pain and Headache Reports Aug 2020We aim to review idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeninigitis (IHCP), describe common head pain patterns and features associated with the disorder, suggest potential... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
We aim to review idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeninigitis (IHCP), describe common head pain patterns and features associated with the disorder, suggest potential classification of head pain syndromes based on the recently published International Classification of Headache Disorders-3, explore pathophysiology found to be associated with cases of IHCP, and indicate common treatment for the disorder.
RECENT FINDINGS
It is suggested that a subset of IHCP is an IgG4-related autoimmune disorder. Patients with IHCP were found to have elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein and lymphocytic pleocytosis. Corticosteroids are a mainstay of treatment. Other immunosuppressive agents and steroid sparing agents as add-on therapy may have utility in the treatment of cases refractory to corticosteroids alone. Clinical manifestations of IHCP depend upon the location of the inflammatory lesions and compression of the adjacent nervous system structures. Headache and loss of cranial nerve function were the most common presenting features of hypertrophic cranial pachymeninigitis. Several headache diagnoses may result from IHCP. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI is the standard imaging modality for diagnosing. Although the pathophysiology is poorly understood, many cases of hypertrophic pachymeninigitis (HP) are thought to be closely related to inflammatory disorders. Cases of HP previously thought to be idiopathic may have IgG4 pathophysiology. CSF and serological studies are helpful. Treatment involves immunosuppressive agents. Advancement in neuroimaging, assays, tests, and further delineation of inflammatory disorders affecting the nervous system may provide further insight to the etiology of cases of HP previously considered and diagnosed as idiopathic.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Dura Mater; Headache; Headache Disorders; Humans; Hypertrophy; Meningitis
PubMed: 32803475
DOI: 10.1007/s11916-020-00893-5 -
American Journal of Physiology. Cell... Nov 2020Human skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue composed of multiple fiber types that express unique contractile and metabolic properties. While analysis of mixed fiber... (Review)
Review
Human skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue composed of multiple fiber types that express unique contractile and metabolic properties. While analysis of mixed fiber samples predominates and holds value, increasing attention has been directed toward studying proteins segregated by fiber type, a methodological distinction termed "fiber type-specific." Fiber type-specific protein studies have the advantage of uncovering key molecular effects that are often missed in mixed fiber homogenate studies but also require greater time and resource-intensive methods, particularly when applied to human muscle. This review summarizes and compares current methods used for fiber type-specific protein analysis, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages for human muscle studies, in addition to recent advances in these techniques. These methods can be grouped into three categories based on the initial processing of the tissue: ) muscle-specific fiber homogenates, ) cross sections of fiber bundles, and ) isolated single fibers, with various subtechniques for performing fiber type identification and protein quantification. The relative implementation for each unique methodological approach is analyzed from 83 fiber type-specific studies of proteins in live human muscle found in the literature to date. These studies have investigated several proteins involved in a wide range of cellular functions that are important to muscle tissue. The second half of this review summarizes key findings from this ensemble of fiber type-specific human protein studies. We highlight examples of where this analytical approach has helped to improve understanding of important physiological topics such as insulin sensitivity, muscle hypertrophy, muscle fatigue, and adaptation to different exercise programs.
Topics: Complex Mixtures; Exercise; Gene Expression; Humans; Hypertrophy; Insulin Resistance; Microtomy; Muscle Fatigue; Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch; Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch; Muscle Proteins; Muscular Diseases; Organ Specificity; Physical Endurance
PubMed: 32783659
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00107.2020 -
BMC Pediatrics Feb 2018Temporalis muscle hypertrophy is a rare entity of masticatory muscle hypertrophy. All types of masticatory muscle hypertrophies have been documented of which temporalis... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Temporalis muscle hypertrophy is a rare entity of masticatory muscle hypertrophy. All types of masticatory muscle hypertrophies have been documented of which temporalis muscle hypertrophy is one. Temporalis muscle hypertrophy is most commonly bilateral and usually associated with other types of masticatory muscles hypertrophy such as masseter or pterygoid hypertrophy. However, isolated unilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy is extremely rare and only 9 cases have been reported to date in English literature since 1990 with only two patients less than 18 years. There is no exact etiology identified and the diagnosis is made by muscle biopsy combined with imaging study to exclude other possibilities. Age at presentation is ranges from 15 to 65 years with involvement of both sexes. We report the youngest child who is a seven year old girl with right side isolated unilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy.
CASE PRESENTATION
In this patient, we discuss the youngest child with isolated unilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy and literature review to date. The patient is a seven year old female presenting with painless swelling of the right temporalis muscle. There had no features of inflammation, trauma, neoplasm or history of parafunctions such as bruxism. The child was not complaining significantly headache or visual disturbances as well. She had undergone radiological assessment with ultrasound scan and contrast MRI. The diagnosis was confirmed by muscle biopsy which shows normal muscle architecture. She was managed conservatively with regular follow up.
CONCLUSION
Isolated unilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy is extremely rare in children. However this case raises the importance of considering alternative diagnoses despite the condition being rare in the pediatric population.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Muscular Diseases; Temporal Muscle
PubMed: 29458353
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1061-7 -
Practical Neurology Jun 2016The Guillain-Mollaret triangle comprises the ipsilateral red nucleus in the midbrain, the inferior olive in the medulla and the contralateral dentate nucleus in the...
The Guillain-Mollaret triangle comprises the ipsilateral red nucleus in the midbrain, the inferior olive in the medulla and the contralateral dentate nucleus in the cerebellum: together, these form the dentato-rubro-olivary pathway. Pathology in this triangle disinhibits (and so activates) the inferior olivary nucleus. The olivary nucleus then hypertrophies and its rhythmical discharges may manifest clinically as oculopalatal tremor. We describe three cases with either oculopalatal tremor or MRI evidence of olivary hypertrophy caused by vascular insults to this triangle. It is not clear why only some patients have the oculopalatal tremor. Olivary hypertrophy can be confused with demyelination if the imaging is not put into clinical context. Oculopalatal tremor may occur without olivary hypertrophy since the nucleus atrophies with time. Oculopalatal tremor does not respond to medical treatment. A better understanding of the mechanism of the discharge at a cellular level may lead to more targeted medical treatments.
Topics: Cerebellum; Humans; Hypertrophy; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Medulla Oblongata; Olivary Nucleus; Tremor
PubMed: 26740379
DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2015-001142