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International Journal of Biological... Sep 2022The virus known as Japanese Encephalitis (JEV) is among the common viral persisting Encephalitis caused by Flavivirus around the Globe, especially in Southeast Asian... (Review)
Review
The virus known as Japanese Encephalitis (JEV) is among the common viral persisting Encephalitis caused by Flavivirus around the Globe, especially in Southeast Asian nations. JEV may be a leading reason for neurological illness in humans, with an estimated 70,000 human cases and 10,000 fatalities per annum. The conventional methods like PRNT (Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test), ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction), and virus isolation are few commercial tests being availed these days, but they have a variety of drawbacks, including being extremely expensive, time-consuming, and requiring expertise. Therefore, researches are being made in the development of improved inexpensive, shorter, sensitive, and time-saving strategies to diagnose the Japanese Encephalitis Virus. A number of these researches encompass the employment of immunosensors, electrochemical sensors and along with the applications of nanotechnology to create highly sensitive detecting device. This review article is based on contemporary breakthroughs in diagnosing Japanese Encephalitis Virus, which are crucial in severing the connection between the propagation of zoonotic disease into the current race, where humans function as dead-end hosts.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Humans; Immunoassay; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 35817236
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.027 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Jan 2021Japaneses encephalitis (JE) is most common zoonoses caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) with a high mortality and disability rate. To take timely preventive and...
Japaneses encephalitis (JE) is most common zoonoses caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) with a high mortality and disability rate. To take timely preventive and control measures, early and rapid detection of JE RNA is necessary. But due to characteristic brief and low viraemia, JE RNA detection remains challenging. In this study, a real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) was developed for rapid and simultaneous detection of JEV. Four pairs of primer were designed using a multiple genome alignment of all JEV strains from GenBank. NASBA assay established and optimal reaction conditions were confirmed by using primers and probe on ns1 gene of JEV. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay were compared with RT-PCR by using serial RNA and virus cultivation dilutions. The results showed that JEV RT-NASBA assay was established, and robust signals could be observed in 10 min with high specificity. The limit of dectetion of RT-NASBA was 6 copies per reaction. The assay was thus 100 to 1, 000 times more sensitive than RT-PCR. The cross-reaction was performed with other porcine pathogens, and negative amplification results indicated the high specificity of this method. The novel JEV RT-NASBA assay could be used as an efficient molecular biology tool to diagnose JEV, which would facilitate the surveillance of reproductive failure disease in swine and would be beneficial for public health security.
Topics: Animals; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Self-Sustained Sequence Replication; Sensitivity and Specificity; Swine; Zoonoses
PubMed: 33400988
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104724 -
Journal of Travel Medicine May 2018Japanese encephalitis is a major disease in many countries in Asia often visited by both leisure and non-leisure travellers. Although reported cases of Japanese... (Review)
Review
Japanese encephalitis is a major disease in many countries in Asia often visited by both leisure and non-leisure travellers. Although reported cases of Japanese apoptosis (JE) in travellers are relatively few, there are indications that both the number of cases might be underreported and that changes in the epidemiological situation in these parts of Asia may increase the risk, especially non-leisure travellers. Although JE mainly is considered a rural disease urban cases are seen the large economic growth and urbanization of previously rural areas in many for JE high-endemic areas may further add to the risk for JE, especially for business travellers, when visiting newly established peri-urban areas. This review will address these dynamic and unpredictable risks for JE and discuss its possible implications for the traveller.
Topics: Animals; Asia; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Humans; Incidence; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines; Mosquito Vectors; Risk Assessment; Seasons; Travel-Related Illness
PubMed: 29718434
DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tay006 -
Parasites & Vectors Sep 2017Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonosis in Southeast Asia vectored by mosquitoes infected with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Japanese encephalitis is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonosis in Southeast Asia vectored by mosquitoes infected with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Japanese encephalitis is considered an emerging exotic infectious disease with potential for introduction in currently JEV-free countries. Pigs and ardeid birds are reservoir hosts and play a major role on the transmission dynamics of the disease. The objective of the study was to quantitatively summarize the proportion of JEV infection in vectors and vertebrate hosts from data pertaining to observational studies obtained in a systematic review of the literature on vector and host competence for JEV, using meta-analyses.
METHODS
Data gathered in this study pertained to three outcomes: proportion of JEV infection in vectors, proportion of JEV infection in vertebrate hosts, and minimum infection rate (MIR) in vectors. Random-effects subgroup meta-analysis models were fitted by species (mosquito or vertebrate host species) to estimate pooled summary measures, as well as to compute the variance between studies. Meta-regression models were fitted to assess the association between different predictors and the outcomes of interest and to identify sources of heterogeneity among studies. Predictors included in all models were mosquito/vertebrate host species, diagnostic methods, mosquito capture methods, season, country/region, age category, and number of mosquitos per pool.
RESULTS
Mosquito species, diagnostic method, country, and capture method represented important sources of heterogeneity associated with the proportion of JEV infection; host species and region were considered sources of heterogeneity associated with the proportion of JEV infection in hosts; and diagnostic and mosquito capture methods were deemed important contributors of heterogeneity for the MIR outcome.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings provide reference pooled summary estimates of vector competence for JEV for some mosquito species, as well as of sources of variability for these outcomes. Moreover, this work provides useful guidelines when interpreting vector and host infection proportions or prevalence from observational studies, and contributes to further our understanding of vector and vertebrate host competence for JEV, elucidating information on the relative importance of vectors and hosts on JEV introduction and transmission.
Topics: Animals; Culex; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Humans; Mosquito Vectors; Observational Studies as Topic; Regression Analysis; Seasons; Swine; Vertebrates; Zoonoses
PubMed: 28882172
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2354-7 -
Viruses May 2023Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family and one of Asia's most common causes of encephalitis. JEV is a zoonotic virus that is...
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family and one of Asia's most common causes of encephalitis. JEV is a zoonotic virus that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes of the species. While humans are dead-end hosts for the virus, domestic animals such as pigs and birds are amplification hosts. Although JEV naturally infected monkeys have been reported in Asia, the role of non-human primates (NHPs) in the JEV transmission cycle has not been intensively investigated. In this study, we demonstrated neutralizing antibodies against JEV in NHPs () and humans living in proximity in two provinces located in western and eastern Thailand by using Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT). We found a 14.7% and 5.6% seropositive rate in monkeys and 43.7% and 45.2% seropositive rate in humans living in west and east Thailand, respectively. This study observed a higher seropositivity rate in the older age group in humans. The presence of JEV neutralizing antibodies in NHPs that live in proximity to humans shows the occurrence of natural JEV infection, suggesting the endemic transmission of this virus in NHPs. According to the One Health concept, regular serological studies should be conducted especially at the animal-human interface.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Swine; Aged; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Thailand; Haplorhini; Encephalitis, Japanese; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral
PubMed: 37243211
DOI: 10.3390/v15051125 -
Archives of Virology Mar 2022Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic epidemic disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and currently, no medicines are available to treat this disease....
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic epidemic disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and currently, no medicines are available to treat this disease. Autophagy modulators play an important role in the treatment of tumors, heart disease, and some viral diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of autophagy modulators on JEV infection and the host response in mice. The experimental mice were grouped as follows: DMEM (control), JEV, JEV+rapamycin (JEV+Rapa), JEV+wortmannin (JEV+Wort), JEV+chloroquine (JEV+CQ), Rapa, Wort, and CQ. The control group was treated with DMEM. The mice in other groups were infected with 10 PFU of JEV, and Rapa, Wort, and CQ were administered 2 h prior to JEV challenge and then administered daily for 10 consecutive days. All mice were monitored for neurological signs and survival. The damage of subcellular structures in the mouse brain was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. The distribution of virus in the mouse brain was determined by RNAScope staining and immunohistochemical staining. The neuroinflammatory responses in the brain were examined via quantitative real-time PCR, and the signal pathways involved in neuroinflammation were identified by Western blot. The mice in the JEV+Wort and JEV+CQ groups showed milder neurological symptoms, less damage to the mitochondria in the brain tissue, and a higher survival rate than those in the JEV+Rapa and JEV groups. Compared with the JEV+Rapa and JEV groups, the distribution of JEV in the brain of mice in the JEV+Wort and JEV+CQ groups was lower, and the inflammatory response was weaker. No significant difference was observed in the expression of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway in mouse brain among the different groups. Our study suggests that the autophagy inhibitors Wort and CQ reduce JEV infection and weaken the inflammatory response, which does not depend on the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway in mouse brain.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Inflammation; Mice; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
PubMed: 35119507
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05283-9 -
The Medical Journal of Australia Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; Australia; Encephalitis, Japanese; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Animals
PubMed: 38817085
DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52319 -
Zoonoses and Public Health Feb 2022Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection has been recognized as a serious disease in humans. Wildlife animal infections due to JEV have not been well described. This...
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection has been recognized as a serious disease in humans. Wildlife animal infections due to JEV have not been well described. This study identified JEV infection in two deceased meerkats in Thailand, with clinical signs of neurological disease. Histopathology of brains revealed severe lymphoplasmacytic necrotizing meningoencephalitis, while similar inflammation was observed in the lung and liver. Partial JEV sequences were identified from the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded-derived brain sections of two meerkats and were found to be genetically similar to a JEV strain detected in China but not from a local strain. Using immunohistochemistry, the virus was identified in neurons and glial cells, and also found in bronchial glands, Kupffer's cells in liver, lymphocytes in the spleen and pancreatic acini, which suggests extraneural infection. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of spheroid viral particles in the lungs. These findings may suggest that infection of extraneural organs in meerkats is similar to that described in JEV-infected humans. In conclusion, this study identified the first JEV infection in meerkats as an interesting case study. The JEV should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in meerkats with encephalitis. Further surveillance on JEV infection in meerkats and other wildlife species in a large cohort is needed in the future study.
Topics: Animals; Brain; China; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Humans; Immunohistochemistry
PubMed: 34254456
DOI: 10.1111/zph.12882 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Sep 2022Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the causative agent of Japanese encephalitis (JE), is an importantly zoonotic, vector-borne virus widely prevalent in Asia. Although...
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the causative agent of Japanese encephalitis (JE), is an importantly zoonotic, vector-borne virus widely prevalent in Asia. Although JE has been well controlled in China, its prevalence remains a huge threat to the pig industry as well as human health. Herein, we report on our molecular and serological investigations of JEV among pigs from different regions in Hunan Province of China from 2019 to 2021. Collectively, 19.27% (583/3026, 95% Confidential Interval (CI) 17.86-20.68) of sampled pigs were positive for JEV IgG antibody as revealed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the seroprevalence of JEV among pigs was significantly associated with the development stage and breeding scale ( < 0.01). Meanwhile, 10.99% (42/382, 95% CI 7.86-14.13) of tissue samples of pigs with suspected clinical symptoms of JE and 23.44% (15/64, 95% CI 13.06-33.82) of mosquito batches were JEV-positive via reverse polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the complete E gene sequences of 14 JEV strains identified in this study were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all 14 JEV strains belonged to genotype I-b and displayed a distinct genetic relationship to the present JEV vaccine strain (SA14-14-2). In conclusion, our results revealed not only the severe prevalence of JEV in Hunan Province, but also that JEV I-b might be the predominant genotype in Hunan Province, suggesting therefore that effective measures for JE control are urgently needed.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; China; Culicidae; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Genotype; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Mosquito Vectors; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Swine
PubMed: 36116917
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2207.07068 -
Internal Medicine Journal Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Encephalitis, Japanese; Australia
PubMed: 37133372
DOI: 10.1111/imj.15967