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Journal of Veterinary Emergency and... Nov 2017To evaluate the effect of fasting on gastrointestinal (GI) motility in healthy dogs, as detected by 2D ultrasound. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of fasting on gastrointestinal (GI) motility in healthy dogs, as detected by 2D ultrasound.
DESIGN
Prospective observational study.
SETTING
University Distributed Veterinary Learning Community.
ANIMALS
Ten healthy client-owned dogs.
INTERVENTIONS
Dogs were fasted 24 hours following regular feeding. After this first feeding and during the 24 hour fasting period, 2D ultrasound was performed to detect sonographically visible GI contractions of the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum/ileum at T = 30 minutes, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours. Dogs were then fed a second meal after the 24-hour fast and ultrasound was repeated 30 minutes later (T = 24.5 h). Each site was scanned twice at each time point. Each scan lasted 3 minutes. The results were averaged and then divided by 3 to determine contractions per minute. One-way repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's comparison test was used to detect statistical differences over time for each site examined.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
The mean GI contraction rates in the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum/ileum at T12 and T24 were significantly lower than the GI contraction rates at T30, T3, T6, and T24.5 (P < 0.05). The mean GI contraction rates in the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum/ileum at T30, T3, T6, and T24.5 were not statistically different from each other.
CONCLUSIONS
Results of this study show that 2D sonography can be used to evaluate GI motility in dogs and that GI contraction rate decreases significantly in the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum/ileum after 12-24 hours of fasting.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Duodenum; Fasting; Food Deprivation; Gastrointestinal Motility; Ileum; Jejunum; Prospective Studies; Stomach; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 29068561
DOI: 10.1111/vec.12673 -
PloS One 2017The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) and Bacillus subtilis B10 (Bs) on intestinal epithelial Toll like receptors (TLR),...
The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) and Bacillus subtilis B10 (Bs) on intestinal epithelial Toll like receptors (TLR), and Cytokine expression response to understand the intestinal epithelial innate immune mechanism in broilers. A total of 300 birds (Sanhuang broilers) were allotted into three groups (n = 100) and each divided into five replications (n = 20). Control group (Ctr) birds were fed basal diet, broilers in experimental groups received (1×108cfu/kg feed) Sb and Bs respectively in addition to basal diet for 72 days. The result showed significant increase in mRNA expression level of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR15. Down streaming MyD88, TRAF6, TAB2 and NF-κB mRNA level noted higher, in the jejunum and ileum as compared to control group. Meanwhile, IL-6, TNFα, IL-10, TGF-β expression levels showed high expression in the jejunum of Sb and Bs groups. IL-10 expression level increased in the ileum and IL-6, TNFα, IL-10 and TGF-β expression levels increased in the jejunum of Sb group. Levels of IL-1 β, IL-17, and IL-4, increased merely in Sb group. Ileal cytokines IL-1β, IL-17 and IL-4concentration were noted higher in Sb group, and IL-1β, and IL-4 levels were up-regulated in Bs group. The results indicated that the INF-γ and IL-8 level decreased in Sb and BS groups. Serum IgA and sIgA level increased in both treatment groups. Our findings illustrated that S. boulardii and B. subtilis B10 may have a role to induce mucosal immunity by activating the TLRs and cytokines expressions in broilers.
Topics: Animals; Bacillus subtilis; Chickens; Cytokines; Gene Expression Regulation; Ileum; Immunoglobulin A; Jejunum; Probiotics; Saccharomyces boulardii; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 28319123
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173917 -
Veterinary Pathology Sep 2020In the small intestine, localized innate mucosal immunity is critical for intestinal homeostasis. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection induces villus injury...
In the small intestine, localized innate mucosal immunity is critical for intestinal homeostasis. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection induces villus injury and impairs digestive function. Moreover, the infection might comprise localized innate mucosal immunity. This study investigated specific enterocyte subtypes and innate immune components of weaned pigs during PEDV infection. Four-week-old pigs were orally inoculated with PEDV IN19338 strain (n = 40) or sham-inoculated (n = 24). At day post inoculation (DPI) 2, 4, and 6, lysozyme expression in Paneth cells, cellular density of villous and Peyer's patch microfold (M) cells, and the expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) were assessed in the jejunum and ileum by immunohistochemistry, and interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in the jejunum by ELISA. PEDV infection led to a decrease in the ratios of villus height to crypt depth (VH-CD) in jejunum at DPI 2, 4, and 6 and in ileum at DPI 4. The number of villous M cells was reduced in jejunum at DPI 4 and 6 and in ileum at DPI 6, while the number of Peyer's patch M cells in ileum increased at DPI 2 and then decreased at DPI 6. PEDV-infected pigs also had reduced lysozyme expression in ileal Paneth cells at DPI 2 and increased ileal pIgR expression at DPI 4. There were no significant changes in IL-1β and TNF-α expression in PEDV-infected pigs compared to controls. In conclusion, PEDV infection affected innate mucosal immunity of weaned pigs through alterations in Paneth cells, villous and Peyer's patch M cells, and pIgR expression.
Topics: Animals; Coronavirus Infections; Cytokines; Ileum; Immunity, Innate; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin; Swine; Weaning
PubMed: 32880235
DOI: 10.1177/0300985820932140 -
Abdominal Radiology (New York) Jul 2021
Topics: Female; Humans; Intestinal Atresia; Jejunum; Pregnancy; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 33638056
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-021-02974-4 -
Physiological Reports Aug 2021Ionizing radiation causes dramatic change in the transport and barrier functions of the intestine. The degree of radiation damage rate depends primarily on the absorbed...
Ionizing radiation causes dramatic change in the transport and barrier functions of the intestine. The degree of radiation damage rate depends primarily on the absorbed dose and post-irradiation time. Variety of experimental protocols providing different time points and doses exist, with the lack of a common approach. In this study, to develop a unified convenient experimental scheme, dose and time dependence of barrier and transport properties of rat jejunum following ionizing radiation exposure were examined. Male Wistar rats were exposed to total body X-ray irradiation (2, 5, or 10 Gy). The control group was subjected to sham irradiation procedure. Samples of rat jejunum were obtained at 24, 48, or 72 h post-irradiation. Transepithelial resistance, short circuit current (I ), and paracellular permeability for sodium fluorescein of jejunum samples were measured in an Ussing chamber; a histological examination was also performed. These parameters were significantly disturbed only 72 h after irradiation at a dose of 10 Gy, which was accompanied by loss of crypt and villi, inflammatory infiltrations, and disintegration of enterocytes. This suggests that found experimental point (72 h after 10 Gy exposure) is the most appropriate for future study using rat jejunum as a model.
Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Fluorescein; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; Male; Permeability; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors; X-Rays
PubMed: 34337895
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14960 -
Toxicology and Industrial Health Jan 2019The objective of this study was to investigate changes in intestinal histopathology and expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in the small intestinal tissue of mouse...
The objective of this study was to investigate changes in intestinal histopathology and expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in the small intestinal tissue of mouse after acute exposure to dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Forty-eight 60-day-old Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were administered DBP by gavage once a day for 10 days. The mice were divided into three groups of 16 mice each: the high-dose group was administered 500 mg/kg body weight (BW) DBP; the low-dose group was administered 50 mg/kg BW; and the control group was not administered DBP. Significant increases in the uterine index, ovary index, and testicular index were observed in the DBP-exposed groups compared to those in the control group. Villus height and V/ C ratio significantly increased ( p < 0.05) in the duodenum and decreased ( p < 0.05) in the jejunum after the administration of DBP. The goblet cell number decreased in both the duodenum and the jejunum of mice exposed to DBP ( p < 0.05) compared to the number in the control group mice. Damage to the structure of the small intestine was accompanied by a marked increase in HSP27 expression and a decrease in the expression of HSP70 and HSP90 in both high-dose and low-dose groups. These results indicate that elevated HSP27 levels in the duodenum and jejunum may be important markers for acute DBP exposure and that HSP27 may act as a protective protein involved in intestinal mucosa repair.
Topics: Animals; Dibutyl Phthalate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Duodenum; Female; Heat-Shock Proteins; Intestines; Jejunum; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR
PubMed: 30453839
DOI: 10.1177/0748233718807303 -
Surgery Feb 2019Short bowel syndrome is a condition with substantial morbidity and mortality, yet definitive therapies are lacking. Distraction enterogenesis uses mechanical force to...
BACKGROUND
Short bowel syndrome is a condition with substantial morbidity and mortality, yet definitive therapies are lacking. Distraction enterogenesis uses mechanical force to "grow" new intestine. In this study, we examined whether intestinal plication can be used to safely achieve spring-mediated intestinal lengthening in a functioning segment of jejunum in its native position.
METHODS
A total of 12 juvenile, miniature Yucatan pigs underwent laparotomy to place either compressed springs or expanded springs within a segment of jejunum (n = 6 per group). The springs were secured within the jejunum by performing intestinal plication to narrow the intestinal lumen around the spring. After 3 weeks, the jejunum was retrieved and examined for lengthening and for histologic changes.
RESULTS
There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications, and the pigs tolerated their diets and gained weight. Segments of jejunum containing expanded springs showed no significant change in length over the 3 weeks. In contrast, jejunum containing compressed springs showed nearly a 3-fold increase in length (P < .001). Histology of the retrieved jejunum showed a significant increase in thickness of the muscularis propria and in crypt depth relative to normal jejunum.
CONCLUSION
Intestinal plication is effective in securing endoluminal springs to lengthen the jejunum. This approach is a clinically relevant model because it allows for normal GI function and growth of animals during intestinal lengthening, which may be useful in lengthening intestine in patients with short bowel syndrome.
Topics: Animals; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Jejunum; Models, Animal; Short Bowel Syndrome; Swine; Tissue Expansion; Tissue Expansion Devices
PubMed: 30217395
DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.07.028 -
IEEE Transactions on Bio-medical... Jun 2022To develop a method to quantify strain fields from in vivo intestinal motility recordings that mitigate accumulation of tracking error.
OBJECTIVE
To develop a method to quantify strain fields from in vivo intestinal motility recordings that mitigate accumulation of tracking error.
METHODS
The deforming geometry of the intestine in video sequences was modeled by a biquadratic B-spline mesh. Green-Lagrange strain fields were computed to quantify the surface deformations. A nonlinear optimization scheme was applied to mitigate the accumulation of tracking error associated with image registration.
RESULTS
The optimization scheme maintained the RMS strain error under 1% and reduced the rate of strain error by 97% during synthetic tests. The algorithm was applied to map 64 segmental, 12 longitudinal, and 23 propagating circular contractions in the jejunum. Coordinated activity of the two muscle layers could be identified and the strain fields were able to map and quantify the anisotropic contractions of the intestine. Frequency and velocity were also quantified, from which two types of propagating circular contractions were identified: (i) [Formula: see text] strain contractions that originated spontaneously and propagated at [Formula: see text] mm/s in two pigs, and (ii) cyclic propagating contractions of [Formula: see text] strain occurred at [Formula: see text] cpm and propagated at [Formula: see text] mm/s in a rabbit.
CONCLUSION
The algorithm simultaneously mapped the circular, longitudinal activity of the intestine with high spatial resolution and quantified anisotropic contractions and relaxations.
SIGNIFICANCE
The proposed algorithm can now be used to define the interactions of muscle layers during motility patterns. It can be integrated with high-resolution bioelectrical recordings to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of motility.
Topics: Algorithms; Animals; Gastrointestinal Motility; Jejunum; Muscle Contraction; Rabbits; Swine; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 34910629
DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2021.3135855 -
Cardiovascular and Interventional... Nov 2020To evaluate the technical feasibility of fluoroscopy-guided gastrojejunostomy creation in a porcine model.
PURPOSE
To evaluate the technical feasibility of fluoroscopy-guided gastrojejunostomy creation in a porcine model.
METHODS
Eight domestic female pigs (median, 15.6 kg; range, 14.5-16.3 kg) were included in this study. The proximal jejunum was punctured from the stomach using a Rösch-Uchida Transjugular Liver Access Set through the mouth, and a lumen-apposing metal stent was placed across the puncture tract between the stomach and the proximal jejunum. All animals were euthanized 6 weeks after the procedure.
RESULTS
The fistulous tract creation and stent insertion with confirmed patency were successful in eight animals, rendering a technical success rate of 100%. Gross inspection showed a matured and patent fistulous tract between the stomach and the proximal jejunum in seven animals. In one animal, the colon between the stomach and the proximal jejunum was inadvertently punctured followed by migration of the stent from the stomach into the colon after the procedure to form a delayed jejunocolostomy. A stent migration and an inadvertent traversing the tail of pancreas by the stent were observed in another two animals without signs of bleeding, infection, or pancreatitis. All animals survived until the end of this study without change in their behavior or appetite. Histological analysis showed that all the fistulous tracts had matured with continuity of submucosal, muscular, and serosal layers, and without destruction of epithelial layers.
CONCLUSIONS
Fluoroscopy-guided gastrojejunostomy creation is technically feasible in a porcine model but requires refinement of the targeting technique to avoid transgression of nontarget organs.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Endosonography; Female; Fluoroscopy; Gastric Bypass; Gastric Outlet Obstruction; Humans; Jejunum; Stents; Stomach; Surgery, Computer-Assisted; Swine
PubMed: 32651622
DOI: 10.1007/s00270-020-02589-0 -
Obesity Facts 2022Bariatric surgery can treat obesity and T2DM, but the specific mechanism is unknown. This study investigated the effect and possible mechanism of duodenal-jejunal bypass...
OBJECTIVES
Bariatric surgery can treat obesity and T2DM, but the specific mechanism is unknown. This study investigated the effect and possible mechanism of duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) to treat T2DM.
METHODS
A T2DM rat model was established using a high-fat, high-sugar diet and a low dose of streptozotocin. DJB surgery and a sham operation (SO) were performed to analyze the effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation changes. Furthermore, the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the ileum and the markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in the pancreas were examined after the surgery. The insulinoma cells (INS-1) were divided into three groups; group A was cultured with a normal sugar content (11.1 mmol/L), group B was cultured with fluctuating high glucose (11.1 mmol/L alternating with 33.3 mmol/L), and group C was cultured with fluctuating high glucose and exendin-4 (100 nmol/L). The cells were continuously cultured for 7 days in complete culture medium. The viability of the INS-1 cells was then investigated using the MTT method, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and the ERS markers were detected by Western blot.
RESULTS
The blood glucose, lipids, insulin, and TNF-α were significantly elevated in the T2DM model. A gradual recovery was observed in the DJB group. GLP-1 expression in the distal ileum of the DJB group was significantly higher than that in the T2DM control group (DM) and the SO group (p < 0.05), and the markers of ERS expression in the pancreases of the DJB group decreased significantly more than those of groups DM and SO (p < 0.05). Compared with group A, the cell viability in group B was decreased, and the ERS and apoptosis were increased (p < 0.05). However, compared with group B, the cell viability in group C was improved, and the ERS and apoptosis declined (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
DJB can be used to treat T2DM in T2DM rats. The mechanism may be that the DJB stimulates the increased expression of GLP-1 on the far side of the ileum, and then, GLP-1 inhibits ERS in the pancreas, reducing the apoptosis of β cells to create a treatment effect in the T2DM rats.
Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Duodenum; Gastric Bypass; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Jejunum; Rats
PubMed: 35299171
DOI: 10.1159/000519417