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World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2018To investigate viability assessment of segmental small bowel ischemia/reperfusion in a porcine model. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
AIM
To investigate viability assessment of segmental small bowel ischemia/reperfusion in a porcine model.
METHODS
In 15 pigs, five or six 30-cm segments of jejunum were simultaneously made ischemic by clamping the mesenteric arteries and veins for 1 to 16 h. Reperfusion was initiated after different intervals of ischemia (1-8 h) and subsequently monitored for 5-15 h. The intestinal segments were regularly photographed and assessed visually and by palpation. Intraluminal lactate and glycerol concentrations were measured by microdialysis, and samples were collected for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The histological changes were described and graded.
RESULTS
Using light microscopy, the jejunum was considered as viable until 6 h of ischemia, while with transmission electron microscopy the ischemic muscularis propria was considered viable until 5 h of ischemia. However, following ≥ 1 h of reperfusion, only segments that had been ischemic for ≤ 3 h appeared viable, suggesting a possible upper limit for viability in the porcine mesenteric occlusion model. Although intraluminal microdialysis allowed us to closely monitor the onset and duration of ischemia and the onset of reperfusion, we were unable to find sufficient level of association between tissue viability and metabolic markers to conclude that microdialysis is clinically relevant for viability assessment. Evaluation of color and motility appears to be poor indicators of intestinal viability.
CONCLUSION
Three hours of total ischemia of the small bowel followed by reperfusion appears to be the upper limit for viability in this porcine mesenteric ischemia model.
Topics: Animals; Color; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; Male; Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion; Microdialysis; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Photography; Reperfusion Injury; Sus scrofa; Swine; Time Factors; Tissue Survival
PubMed: 29760544
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i18.2009 -
The Journal of Surgical Research May 2020Galactomannan (GAL), a polysaccharide present on the cell wall of several fungi, has shown an ability to modulate inflammatory responses through the dectin-1 receptor in...
BACKGROUND
Galactomannan (GAL), a polysaccharide present on the cell wall of several fungi, has shown an ability to modulate inflammatory responses through the dectin-1 receptor in human macrophages. However, studies evaluating the modulatory properties of this polysaccharide in in vivo inflammatory scenarios are scarce. We hypothesized that GAL pretreatment would modulate local and remote damage related to intestinal reperfusion after an ischemic insult.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Adult male Balb/c mice were subjected to intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by reversible occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, consisting of 45 min of ischemia followed by 3 or 24 h of reperfusion. Intragastric GAL (70 mg/kg) was administered 12 h before ischemia, and saline solution was used in the control animals. Jejunum, lung, and blood samples were taken for the analysis of histology, gene expression, plasma cytokine levels, and nitrosative stress.
RESULTS
Intestinal and lung histologic alterations were attenuated by GAL pretreatment, showing significant differences compared with nontreated animals. Interleukin 1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and IL-6 messenger RNA expression were considerably downregulated in the small intestine of the GAL group. In addition, GAL treatment significantly prevented plasma interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 upregulation and diminished nitrate and nitrite levels after 3 h of intestinal reperfusion.
CONCLUSIONS
GAL pretreatment constitutes a novel and promising therapy to reduce local and remote damage triggered by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Further in vivo and in vitro studies to understand GAL's modulatory effects are warranted.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Galactose; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Ischemia; Jejunum; Male; Mannans; Mice; Reperfusion Injury
PubMed: 31796217
DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.10.027 -
Poultry Science Dec 2020The aim of the study was to compare production results and quality of meat, as well as histological features of the jejunum in broiler chickens administered feed with 1%...
The aim of the study was to compare production results and quality of meat, as well as histological features of the jejunum in broiler chickens administered feed with 1% addition of zeolite or halloysite, with the addition of aluminosilicates to litter (4.50 kg/m) throughout the rearing. In the experiment, 300 male broilers were used for 6 wk. They were divided into 3 groups, each of 10 repetitions (10 birds each). Group 1 was a control, halloysite was added to feed and litter in group 2, while zeolite was applied instead of halloysite in group 3. After rearing, 10 selected birds from each group were slaughtered. Selected production properties and degree of footpad dermatitis were examined, and histomorphometric examination of the jejunum was performed. The lowest yield and the highest proportion of neck with skin in the carcass were demonstrated in group 2 (P < 0.05). The lowest percentage of skin with subcutaneous fat was found in group 3 (P < 0.05). A decrease in lightness (L∗) and yellowness (b∗) was demonstrated in group 2, while redness (a∗) was the lowest in group 3 (P < 0.05). Group 2 was characterized by the lowest water-holding capacity in breast muscles, and in group 3, in leg muscles (P < 0.05). In group 3, the highest fat content and the lowest water content in the breast muscles (P < 0.05) were found. The leg muscles in groups 2 and 3 were characterized by the highest a∗, and in group 2, by b∗. The control group had the lowest protein and the highest fat content in leg muscles. In the intestine from group 2, a higher height (P < 0.05) and surface area (P < 0.01) of intestinal villi were found, in comparison to group 3. The width of intestinal villi was higher in groups 2 and 1 than in group 3 (P < 0.05), similarly the depth of intestinal crypts. The addition of zeolite could be proposed because of the obtained production results, while the halloysite had a positive effect on the histomorphometric features of the jejunum.
Topics: Aluminum Silicates; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Composition; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Jejunum; Male; Meat; Pectoralis Muscles
PubMed: 33248634
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.073 -
Annals of Plastic Surgery Dec 2020Reconstruction after esophagectomy is conventionally performed with a gastric conduit. However, in cases where a gastric conduit is unavailable, reconstructive...
BACKGROUND
Reconstruction after esophagectomy is conventionally performed with a gastric conduit. However, in cases where a gastric conduit is unavailable, reconstructive procedures vary in terms of flap type, operative timing, and conduit route. Single-stage surgery is associated with a long operation time and high surgical stress, resulting in perioperative mortality. Recent advances in reconstructive microsurgery have made free intestinal flap transfer safe and reliable. Therefore, to overcome the shortcomings with previous methods, we performed 2-stage surgery involving free jejunum/ileum transfer for reconstruction after esophagectomy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
From 2010 to 2018, 42 free jejunum/ileum flaps were transferred for reconstruction after esophagectomy in 41 patients. The diagnosis was esophageal cancer in 38 patients. All operations were performed in 2 stages. In most cases, total esophagectomy was performed in the first operation. The cervical stump of the esophagus was sutured to the cervical skin, creating an esophagostomy in the left neck. About 4 to 7 weeks after the first operation, the second operation was performed. The free jejunum/ileum flap was transferred through the subcutaneous route. Microvascular anastomosis was performed with the internal mammary artery and internal mammary vein, transverse cervical artery, internal and external jugular veins (internal jugular vein and EJV, respectively), and cephalic vein. The mean follow-up duration was 20 months.
RESULTS
Free jejunum/ileum transfer was performed as the first operation in 4 cases and as the second operation in 38 cases. A free jejunal flap was used in 36 cases and free ileal flap was used in 6 cases. The recipient arteries were the internal mammary artery in 38 cases and transverse cervical artery in 4 cases. The recipient veins were the internal mammary vein in 15 cases, cephalic vein in 13 cases, EJV in 10 cases, and internal jugular vein in 10 cases. The flaps survived in all cases, except 1 case (41/42, 97.6%). The complications were anastomotic leakage of the flap in 9 cases, respiratory complications in 10 cases, and ileus in 2 cases. Perioperative mortality was not noted.
CONCLUSIONS
Two-stage surgery using free jejunum/ileum flap transfer is a safe and reliable option for esophageal reconstruction in cases where gastric pull-up is unavailable.
Topics: Anastomosis, Surgical; Esophagectomy; Free Tissue Flaps; Humans; Ileum; Jejunum; Plastic Surgery Procedures
PubMed: 32501843
DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000002421 -
Physiological Genomics Oct 2017Despite widespread use of antibiotics for treatment of human diseases and promotion of growth of agricultural animals, our understanding of their effects on the host is...
Despite widespread use of antibiotics for treatment of human diseases and promotion of growth of agricultural animals, our understanding of their effects on the host is still very limited. We used a model in which pigs were fed with or without a cocktail of antibiotics and found, based on the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) patterns, that the fecal bacteria from the treatment and control animals were distinct. Furthermore, the total bacterial population in the feces tended to be decreased by the antibiotic treatment ( = 0.07), and the counts of and were significantly reduced ( < 0.05). To explore the effects of antibiotics on host intestinal epithelium, we assessed gene expression profiles of the jejunum and ileum and their response to antibiotic administration. The results indicate that in-feed antibiotics increased expression of genes involved in immune functions in both the jejunum and ileum, some of which were clustered in the coexpression network. Gene ontology terms of metabolic processes were altered predominantly in the jejunum but not in the ileum. Notably, antibiotics diminished intestinal segment-specific transcriptional changes, especially for genes associated with metabolic functions. This study reveals segment-specific responses of host intestinal epithelium to in-feed antibiotics, which can be a valuable resource for deciphering antibiotic-microbiota-host interactions.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; Epithelium; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Ileum; Jejunum; Reproducibility of Results; Sus scrofa
PubMed: 28887368
DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00020.2017 -
Biomolecules Sep 2019Succinate is a metabolic intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in all aerobic organisms, and is also a vital microbial metabolite in the gut. Although...
Succinate is a metabolic intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in all aerobic organisms, and is also a vital microbial metabolite in the gut. Although succinate is known to regulate intestinal metabolism and immune function, its role in the protection of the intestinal epithelial barrier function and inflammation is poorly characterized. In this study, we evaluated the effects of succinate on intestinal epithelial barrier function and inflammation in pigs. Twenty-four growing pigs were distributed into three groups ( = 8) and received either a basal diet (control group) or the same diet supplemented with 0.1% succinate or 1% succinate. The diet supplemented with 1% succinate led to alterations in the intestinal morphology. We confirmed in vitro that 5 mM succinate treatment modulated intestinal epithelial permeability by increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in intestinal porcine epithelial cell (IPEC)-J2 cells. Furthermore, succinate treatment increased the abundance of tight junction proteins claudin-1, zona occluden (ZO)-1, and ZO-2 in the jejunum in vivo and in vitro. In addition, dietary succinate supplementation promoted the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-25, IL-10, IL-8, and IL-18 in the jejunum. Taken together, these data identify a novel role of succinate in the modulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function, which may be a nutritional target to improve gut health in animals.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Electric Impedance; Gene Expression Regulation; Inflammation; Interleukins; Jejunum; Random Allocation; Succinic Acid; Swine; Tight Junction Proteins; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 31540325
DOI: 10.3390/biom9090486 -
Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of... Jun 2021The present study aims to investigate the roles of water intake in serotonin production and release in rat jejunum. We evaluated the changes in concentrations of...
The present study aims to investigate the roles of water intake in serotonin production and release in rat jejunum. We evaluated the changes in concentrations of serotonin in the portal vein and mesenteric lymph vessel induced by the intragastric administration of distilled water. The density of granules in enterochromaffin cells and the immunoreactivity of serotonin in the jejunal villi were investigated before and after water intake. The effects of intravenous administration of serotonin and/or ketanserin on mesenteric lymph flow and concentrations of albumin and IL-22 in the lymph were also addressed. Water intake increased serotonin concentration in the portal vein, but not in the mesenteric lymph vessel. The flux of serotonin through the portal vein was significantly larger than that through the mesenteric lymph vessel. Water intake decreased the density of granules in the enterochromaffin cells and increased the immunoreactivity of serotonin in the jejunal villi. The intravenous administration of serotonin increased significantly mesenteric lymph flow and the concentrations of albumin and IL-22; both were significantly reduced by the intravenous pretreatment with ketanserin. We showed that serotonin released from enterochromaffin cells by water intake was mainly transported through the portal vein. Additionally, serotonin in blood was found to increase mesenteric lymph formation with permeant albumin in the jejunal villi via the activation of 5-HT receptor.
Topics: Albumins; Animals; Cytoplasmic Granules; Drinking; Enterochromaffin Cells; Interleukins; Jejunum; Male; Portal Vein; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin; Interleukin-22
PubMed: 33913004
DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02569-4 -
Life Sciences Jun 2021Exposure to pesticides and consumption of high-fat diets are widespread in society. Reports have shown that exposure to glyphosate and a high-fat diet can cause...
AIM
Exposure to pesticides and consumption of high-fat diets are widespread in society. Reports have shown that exposure to glyphosate and a high-fat diet can cause gastrointestinal disorders and increase susceptibility to obesity. Thus, this study evaluated the impacts of perinatal exposure to glyphosate followed by consumption of a high-fat diet in adulthood on the histology and morphometry of jejunums and enteric nervous system of C57BL/6 mice.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
After mating, 20 C57BL/6 female mice were separated into a control group (CG) and a glyphosate group (GLY) that received water with 0.5% glyphosate. After the lactation period, some male offspring were randomly separated into CG-SD and GLY-SD (standard diet) groups or CG-HD and GLY-HD (high-fat diet) groups. After 12 weeks, jejunum samples were collected and submitted to histological analysis.
KEY FINDINGS
Indirect exposure to glyphosate changed the morphometry of the intestinal wall, increased the proportion of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and goblet cells, and altered the area occupied by collagen fibers. The hyperlipidemic diet hypertrophied the jejunal total wall, total muscular and submucosal layers, decreased IELs, and increased the proportion of goblet cells. GLY-HD mice had shallower crypts, shorter villi, and less goblet cells and IELs than mice from GLY-SD group. GLY-HD also showed an increased number of neurons in myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Groups exposed to glyphosate and/or fed a high-fat diet had atrophied submucosal neurons.
SIGNIFICANCE
This study suggests that perinatal glyphosate exposure combined with a high-fat diet in adulthood increases the risk of jejunum inflammation and dysfunction.
Topics: Animals; Diet, High-Fat; Female; Glycine; Goblet Cells; Herbicides; Jejunum; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Glyphosate
PubMed: 33737081
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119350 -
Nutrients Jun 2022Postnatally, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are important energetic and signaling agents, being involved in host nutrition, gut imprinting and immune and barrier...
Postnatally, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are important energetic and signaling agents, being involved in host nutrition, gut imprinting and immune and barrier function. Whether SCFA exert similar effects during the late fetal phase has been insufficiently elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate whether the fetal jejunum senses SCFA and whether SCFA modify the muscle tension and epithelial permeability and related signaling in jejunal tissue from the porcine fetus in late gestation. Exposure of fetal jejunal tissue to a mix of SCFA (70 µmol/mL) in an organ bath for 20 min lowered the muscle tension. Moreover, SCFA decreased the transepithelial conductance while increasing the short-circuit current in the Ussing chamber, indicating reduced permeability and increased SCFA absorption. Gene expression in the tissues harvested from the Ussing chamber after 30 min indicated downregulation of the expression of receptors (i.e., and ), and tight-junction and adherens proteins, which may be a negative feedback response to the applied high SCFA concentration compared with the micromolar concentration detected in fetal gastric fluid. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the fetal jejunum senses SCFA, which trigger electrophysiological, muscle contraction and related gene transcription responses. Hence, SCFA may play a role in prenatal gut nutrition and imprinting.
Topics: Animals; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Female; Fetus; Gene Expression; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Jejunum; Permeability; Pregnancy; Swine
PubMed: 35745253
DOI: 10.3390/nu14122524 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2021The purpose of this research is to explore the positive effects of and on the tissue damage and microbial community in mice challenged by Enterotoxigenic (ETEC)....
The purpose of this research is to explore the positive effects of and on the tissue damage and microbial community in mice challenged by Enterotoxigenic (ETEC). Twenty-four mice were divided into four groups randomly: the CON group, ETEC group, LP-ETEC group and LB-ETEC group. Our results demonstrated that, compared with the ETEC group, the LP-ETEC and LB-ETEC groups experienced less weight loss and morphological damage of the jejunum. We measured proinflammatory factors of colonic tissue and found that and inhibited the expression of proinflammatory factors such as IL-, TNF-, and IL-6 and promoted that of the tight junction protein such as claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1. Additionally, and altered the impact of ETEC on the intestinal microbial community of mice, significantly increased the abundance of probiotics such as , and reduced that of pathogenic bacteria such as , , , and . Therefore, we believe that and can stabilize the intestinal microbiota and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, thus protecting mice from the gut inflammation induced by ETEC.
Topics: Animals; Claudin-1; Disease Models, Animal; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Interleukin-1beta; Jejunum; Levilactobacillus brevis; Lactobacillus plantarum; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Probiotics; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 34594475
DOI: 10.1155/2021/6867962