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Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance Jan 2021The aim of this study was the analysis of human musculoskeletal system energy costs of normal walking and walking under reduced weight loading. There were 15 subjects...
The aim of this study was the analysis of human musculoskeletal system energy costs of normal walking and walking under reduced weight loading. There were 15 subjects who participated in the study. We analyzed the biomechanical parameters of walking under different musculoskeletal system loads. The subjects walked on a treadmill at a pace of 90 steps/min under various loading conditions: 1) 100% bodyweight loading, corresponding to the terrestrial surface; 2) 38% bodyweight loading, corresponding to the surface of Mars; and 3) 17% bodyweight loading, corresponding to the surface of the Moon. Joint angles and angular velocities were recorded from the hip, knee, and ankle. We analyzed changes in joint phase trajectories and the ratio of kinetic extension energy to kinetic flexion energy in the joints. We observed changes in kinetic energy parameters associated with both flexion and extension motions in the joints of the feet while walking under various loads. In terrestrial conditions (walking under 100% bodyweight), flexion kinetic energy in the hip joint prevailed over extension kinetic energy by 90%, with a small variation equal to 22%. If weight loading decreased up to 17% (lunar conditions), the difference between flexion and extension kinetic energies diminished, and eventually reached only 9%. The ratio of flexion energy and extension energy in the ankle joint equalized under lower loading conditions. Thus, 38% bodyweight loading was sufficient for approximation of flexion and extension energy values. Our results revealed that phase trajectories shifted toward smaller joint angles and a decreased ratio between extension kinetic energy and flexion kinetic energy in the knee joint of all subjects. However, significant differences in the ratio of flexion and extension kinetic energy in the knee joint under bodyweight support were not found. The methods used for musculoskeletal system assessments that were proposed in our work can be used in clinical practice to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures in a patients musculoskeletal system disorders.
Topics: Ankle Joint; Biomechanical Phenomena; Gait; Hip Joint; Humans; Knee Joint; Locomotion; Walking
PubMed: 33357266
DOI: 10.3357/AMHP.5609.2021 -
Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology Oct 2019Synovial plicae are vestigial folds of synovium in a joint, most widely recognized in the knee and also in the elbow and hip joints. The most commonly shared theory on... (Review)
Review
Synovial plicae are vestigial folds of synovium in a joint, most widely recognized in the knee and also in the elbow and hip joints. The most commonly shared theory on the origin of plicae is that they are the remnants of the membranes that divide the synovial cavitations during normal joint development. Synovial folds do not generally cause any symptoms. However, they can become inflamed, thickened, fibrosed, and also impinged in the joint, leading to mechanical symptoms and chondral damage. This article presents an overview of the embryological origin of plicae, their anatomy, pathologies, and appearances on imaging. We also discuss the lesser known plicae in various other areas.
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Elbow Joint; Hip Joint; Humans; Joint Capsule; Joint Diseases; Knee Joint
PubMed: 31556089
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693979 -
AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology Aug 2018The objective of this article is to review the normal anatomy and posttraumatic findings of the Chopart joint complex. Key imaging features of the normal ligaments and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this article is to review the normal anatomy and posttraumatic findings of the Chopart joint complex. Key imaging features of the normal ligaments and patterns of ligamentous and osseous injuries are discussed.
CONCLUSION
Traumatic midtarsal injuries, particularly midtarsal sprain, are often overlooked clinically and on imaging but are relatively common and typically are associated with inversion ankle injuries. Radiologists should be familiar with Chopart joint anatomy and the imaging features of midtarsal injuries because early diagnosis may help optimize clinical management.
Topics: Ankle Injuries; Humans; Ligaments, Articular; Sprains and Strains; Tarsal Joints
PubMed: 29927330
DOI: 10.2214/AJR.17.19310 -
The Orthopedic Clinics of North America Jan 2020Scapholunate ligament injuries are common and can lead to a predictable pattern of arthritis (scaphoid lunate advanced collapse wrist) if unrecognized or untreated. This... (Review)
Review
Scapholunate ligament injuries are common and can lead to a predictable pattern of arthritis (scaphoid lunate advanced collapse wrist) if unrecognized or untreated. This article describes the relevant anatomy, biomechanics, and classification system, and provides an up-to-date literature-based review of treatment options, including acute repair and various reconstruction techniques. It also helps guide surgeons in making decisions regarding a systematic treatment algorithm for these injuries.
Topics: Arthritis; Biomechanical Phenomena; Carpal Joints; Humans; Ligaments, Articular; Lunate Bone; Radiography; Range of Motion, Articular; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Scaphoid Bone; Treatment Outcome; Wrist Injuries; Wrist Joint
PubMed: 31739882
DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2019.09.002 -
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation... Nov 2021Detailed understanding of the course and location of articular nerves supplying the shoulder joint is paramount to the successful utilization of image-guided... (Review)
Review
Detailed understanding of the course and location of articular nerves supplying the shoulder joint is paramount to the successful utilization of image-guided radiofrequency ablation to manage chronic shoulder pain. In this article, the origin, course, and relationship to anatomic landmarks of articular nerves supplying the shoulder and acromioclavicular joints are discussed. The shoulder joint capsule was consistently reported to receive innervation from multiple sources including the suprascapular, axillary, subscapular, and lateral pectoral nerves. The acromioclavicular joint received innervation from suprascapular and lateral pectoral nerves. The consistent relationship of articular branches to anatomic landmarks provides the basis for specific image-guided targeting.
Topics: Acromioclavicular Joint; Cadaver; Humans; Joint Capsule; Shoulder; Shoulder Joint
PubMed: 34593135
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2021.05.005 -
Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology Oct 2018New block techniques are being constantly developed or old techniques modified to improve outcomes after surgery. This review discusses the reasons why new block... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
New block techniques are being constantly developed or old techniques modified to improve outcomes after surgery. This review discusses the reasons why new block techniques need to be developed to match the needs of contemporary anesthetic practice.
RECENT FINDINGS
New block techniques have been developed for joint surgeries of both upper and lower extremities. New upper extremity blocks focus on decreasing the risk of complications like diaphragmatic paresis and improving the quality of blocks. Techniques for lower extremity surgeries are being performed distally, closer to the joints, to minimize weakness of the extremity. A review of the available evidence for these techniques is undertaken to get an understanding of the indications and limitations of these techniques.
SUMMARY
Future studies need to be undertaken to further refine these techniques and produce evidence of support for analgesic efficacy, safety, and reliability.
Topics: Humans; Joint Diseases; Joints; Knee Joint; Nerve Block; Pain, Postoperative; Shoulder Joint; Upper Extremity
PubMed: 30004954
DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000641 -
Hand Clinics May 2022Isolated dislocations of thumb CMC joints are rare injuries with serious functional implications. Patients suffering these injuries will have decreased pinch and grip... (Review)
Review
Isolated dislocations of thumb CMC joints are rare injuries with serious functional implications. Patients suffering these injuries will have decreased pinch and grip strength. A high-energy, axially directed force on a flexed thumb typically causes dislocation. Chronically dislocated thumb CMC joints may be due to untreated remote trauma, hypermobility, or connective tissue disorders. Roberts and CMC stress view radiographs help identify joint dislocations. Treatment of these injuries includes closed reduction and immobilization, percutaneous pinning, open reduction with direct repair, and ligament reconstruction. Timely identification, timely treatment, and proper hand therapy often lead to adequate joint stability with minimal residual pain.
Topics: Carpometacarpal Joints; Hand Joints; Humans; Joint Dislocations; Range of Motion, Articular; Thumb
PubMed: 35465944
DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2022.01.003 -
Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2016Subchondral bone has received increasing attention in both basic and clinical research on osteoarthritis (OA). Subchondral bone in OA presents abnormalities in... (Review)
Review
Subchondral bone has received increasing attention in both basic and clinical research on osteoarthritis (OA). Subchondral bone in OA presents abnormalities in structure, biochemical composition, biomechanics and cellular function. Overall, subchondral bone mainly shows bone resorption in early OA and bone formation in late OA. More and more evidence suggests that abnormalities in subchondral bone of OA promote joint pain generation and articular cartilage degeneration. Inhibition or amelioration of subchondral bone abnormalities can reduce joint pain and can delay cartilage degeneration; thus, subchondral bone-targeted treatment promises to be a new treatment approach for OA. The pathological changes and the role of subchondral bone in OA still require further investigation.
Topics: Animals; Arthralgia; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Bone Remodeling; Cartilage, Articular; Humans; Joints; Osteoarthritis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27606839
DOI: No ID Found -
Nature Reviews. Rheumatology Sep 2021Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole-joint disease characterized by subchondral bone perfusion abnormalities and neovascular invasion into the synovium and articular... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole-joint disease characterized by subchondral bone perfusion abnormalities and neovascular invasion into the synovium and articular cartilage. In addition to local vascular disturbance, mounting evidence suggests a pivotal role for systemic vascular pathology in the aetiology of OA. This Review outlines the current understanding of the close relationship between high blood pressure (hypertension) and OA at the crossroads of epidemiology and molecular biology. As one of the most common comorbidities in patients with OA, hypertension can disrupt joint homeostasis both biophysically and biochemically. High blood pressure can increase intraosseous pressure and cause hypoxia, which in turn triggers subchondral bone and osteochondral junction remodelling. Furthermore, systemic activation of the renin-angiotensin and endothelin systems can affect the Wnt-β-catenin signalling pathway locally to govern joint disease. The intimate relationship between hypertension and OA indicates that endothelium-targeted strategies, including re-purposed FDA-approved antihypertensive drugs, could be useful in the treatment of OA.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Humans; Hypertension; Joints; Models, Biological; Osteoarthritis; Synovial Membrane
PubMed: 34316066
DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00650-x -
Current Topics in Developmental Biology 2019The joints are a diverse group of skeletal structures, and their genesis, morphogenesis, and acquisition of specialized tissues have intrigued biologists for decades.... (Review)
Review
The joints are a diverse group of skeletal structures, and their genesis, morphogenesis, and acquisition of specialized tissues have intrigued biologists for decades. Here we review past and recent studies on important aspects of joint development, including the roles of the interzone and morphogenesis of articular cartilage. Studies have documented the requirement of interzone cells in limb joint initiation and formation of most, if not all, joint tissues. We highlight these studies and also report more detailed interzone dissection experiments in chick embryos. Articular cartilage has always received special attention owing to its complex architecture and phenotype and its importance in long-term joint function. We pay particular attention to mechanisms by which neonatal articular cartilage grows and thickens over time and eventually acquires its multi-zone structure and becomes mechanically fit in adults. These and other studies are placed in the context of evolutionary biology, specifically regarding the dramatic changes in limb joint organization during transition from aquatic to land life. We describe previous studies, and include new data, on the knee joints of aquatic axolotls that unlike those in higher vertebrates, are not cavitated, are filled with rigid fibrous tissues and resemble amphiarthroses. We show that when axolotls metamorph to life on land, their intra-knee fibrous tissue becomes sparse and seemingly more flexible and the articular cartilage becomes distinct and acquires a tidemark. In sum, there have been considerable advances toward a better understanding of limb joint development, biological responsiveness, and evolutionary influences, though much remains unclear. Future progress in these fields should also lead to creation of new developmental biology-based tools to repair and regenerate joint tissues in acute and chronic conditions.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Bone and Bones; Cartilage, Articular; Cell Lineage; Humans; Joints; Morphogenesis
PubMed: 30902250
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.002