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Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA Dec 2019To determine the incidence of the iliocapsularis muscle in fetal period and its relationship with the hip joint capsule.
PURPOSE
To determine the incidence of the iliocapsularis muscle in fetal period and its relationship with the hip joint capsule.
METHODS
Twenty-one formalin-fixed fetuses (12 female and 9 male) with a mean gestational age of 29 ± 3.89 weeks (range 25-36) were dissected to reveal morphological properties of iliocapsularis muscle.
RESULTS
Iliocapsularis muscle was observed in 39 out of 42 sides (92%). Its proximal attachment was detected either below the proximal attachment of rectus femoris muscle in 21 out of 39 sides (54%), or it was forming a common tendon with rectus femoris on the anterior inferior iliac spine in 10 out of 39 sides (26%), or it was forming an arch along the superior-medial-inferior sides of the proximal attachment of rectus femoris muscle in 8 out of 39 sides (20%). Muscle fibers originating from the anteromedial part of hip joint capsule were also constant in all sides. Distal attachment of iliocapsularis muscle was distal to the lesser trochanter in all specimens. Its form was as a broad muscle in 32 out of 39 sides (82%) and as a thin rectangular muscular slip in 7 out of 39 sides (18%). Iliopsoas and iliocapsularis muscles had their particular fascia in 34 out of 39 sides (87%), and in the other 5 sides, there was no fascia which prominently separated the two muscles. Its length was longer in females than males (p = 0.031) and it was wider on the right side (p = 0.029). Linear functions were y = 0.49 + 0.17 × weeks and y = 6.94 + 0.89 × weeks for width and length, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Data obtained with the present study about iliocapsularis muscle in fetal period revealed that it is an individual and constant muscle. Its dimension, location, and course over the hip joint capsule support the idea that it tightens the hip capsule and stabilizes the femoral head.
Topics: Anatomic Variation; Cadaver; Female; Femur; Fetus; Gestational Age; Hip Joint; Humans; Ilium; Joint Capsule; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Sex Factors
PubMed: 31471676
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-019-02312-w -
Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology Oct 2019Synovial plicae are vestigial folds of synovium in a joint, most widely recognized in the knee and also in the elbow and hip joints. The most commonly shared theory on... (Review)
Review
Synovial plicae are vestigial folds of synovium in a joint, most widely recognized in the knee and also in the elbow and hip joints. The most commonly shared theory on the origin of plicae is that they are the remnants of the membranes that divide the synovial cavitations during normal joint development. Synovial folds do not generally cause any symptoms. However, they can become inflamed, thickened, fibrosed, and also impinged in the joint, leading to mechanical symptoms and chondral damage. This article presents an overview of the embryological origin of plicae, their anatomy, pathologies, and appearances on imaging. We also discuss the lesser known plicae in various other areas.
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Elbow Joint; Hip Joint; Humans; Joint Capsule; Joint Diseases; Knee Joint
PubMed: 31556089
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693979 -
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation... Nov 2021Detailed understanding of the course and location of articular nerves supplying the shoulder joint is paramount to the successful utilization of image-guided... (Review)
Review
Detailed understanding of the course and location of articular nerves supplying the shoulder joint is paramount to the successful utilization of image-guided radiofrequency ablation to manage chronic shoulder pain. In this article, the origin, course, and relationship to anatomic landmarks of articular nerves supplying the shoulder and acromioclavicular joints are discussed. The shoulder joint capsule was consistently reported to receive innervation from multiple sources including the suprascapular, axillary, subscapular, and lateral pectoral nerves. The acromioclavicular joint received innervation from suprascapular and lateral pectoral nerves. The consistent relationship of articular branches to anatomic landmarks provides the basis for specific image-guided targeting.
Topics: Acromioclavicular Joint; Cadaver; Humans; Joint Capsule; Shoulder; Shoulder Joint
PubMed: 34593135
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2021.05.005 -
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Dec 2020Painful shoulders create a substantial socioeconomic burden and significant diagnostic challenge for shoulder surgeons. Consensus with respect to the anatomic location... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Painful shoulders create a substantial socioeconomic burden and significant diagnostic challenge for shoulder surgeons. Consensus with respect to the anatomic location of sensory nerve branches is lacking. The aim of this literature review was to establish consensus with respect to the anatomic features of the articular branches (ABs) (1) innervating the shoulder joint and (2) the distribution of sensory receptors about its capsule and bursae.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Four electronic databases were queried, between January 1945 and June 2019. Thirty original articles providing a detailed description of the distribution of sensory receptors about the shoulder joint capsule (13) and its ABs (22) were reviewed.
RESULTS
The suprascapular, lateral pectoral, axillary, and lower subscapular nerves were found to provide ABs to the shoulder joint. The highest density of nociceptors was found in the subacromial bursa. The highest density of mechanoreceptors was identified within the insertion of the glenohumeral ligaments. The most frequently identified innervation pattern comprised 3 nerve bridges (consisting of ABs from suprascapular, axillary, and lateral pectoral nerves) connecting the trigger and the identified pain generator areas rich in nociceptors.
CONCLUSION
Current literature supports the presence of a common sensory innervation pattern for the human shoulder joint. Anatomic studies have demonstrated that the most common parent nerves supplying ABs to the shoulder joint are the suprascapular, lateral pectoral, and axillary nerves. Further studies are needed to assess both the safety and efficacy of selective denervation of the painful shoulders, while limiting the loss of proprioceptive function.
Topics: Bursa, Synovial; Humans; Joint Capsule; Peripheral Nervous System; Sensory Receptor Cells; Shoulder Joint; Shoulder Pain
PubMed: 32712453
DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.07.017 -
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia Nov 2020Both cats and dogs belong to animals with the same type of limb support but have different nature of movement. Despite belonging to digitigrade animals, cats and dogs...
Both cats and dogs belong to animals with the same type of limb support but have different nature of movement. Despite belonging to digitigrade animals, cats and dogs have a different nature of motion. While moving, the medial joint surface in cats and lateral surface in dogs carry the larger pressure. The aim of the study was to compare the similar surfaces of the cat's and dog's tarsal joint capsule and to detect differences in its histostructure and vascularisation. For the study, we used the capsule of the tarsal joint of five cats and five dogs dissected with accordance to anatomical surfaces. Sections of the capsule joint were stained with haematoxylin-eosin. The sections were examined with a microscope at magnification ×250 and ×400. The statistical analysis of the results was done using Student's t test. During the research, a difference in histostructure and vascularisation of tarsal joint capsule in cats and dogs on respective surfaces were found. The medial surface of the tarsal joint capsule was the most saturated with hemomicrocirculatory bed structures in cats, whereas this was the lateral surface in dogs. The most active metabolic processes also take place in these areas of the joint capsule, which is important to know when prescribing therapeutic procedures and determining an optimal surgical access.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Dogs; Joint Capsule; Movement; Tarsal Joints
PubMed: 32602572
DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12589 -
Advances in Immunology 2019Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes and macrophages, are a central component of the host's innate immune system designated to protect against invading pathogens.... (Review)
Review
Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes and macrophages, are a central component of the host's innate immune system designated to protect against invading pathogens. However, these cells do not only interact with various parts of the innate and adaptive immune system, but also fulfill indispensable duties during the control of tissue homeostasis and organ function. Moreover, macrophages are crucially involved in tissue remodeling and repair in response to damage. Simultaneously, mononuclear phagocytes might also contribute to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In particular, their potential role in inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has drawn increasing attention and substantially shaped our general understanding of the role of monocytes and macrophages during health and disease. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the origin and function of mononuclear phagocytes within the joint and addresses their involvement in joint inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoimmune Diseases; Cellular Microenvironment; Cytokines; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Joint Capsule; Macrophages; Monocytes; Synovial Fluid
PubMed: 31607368
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2019.08.006 -
FEBS Open Bio Nov 2020Joint contracture (also known as arthrofibrosis) is a fibrotic joint disorder characterized by excessive collagen production to form fibrotic scar tissue and adhesions...
Joint contracture (also known as arthrofibrosis) is a fibrotic joint disorder characterized by excessive collagen production to form fibrotic scar tissue and adhesions within joint capsules. This can severely affect day-to-day activities and quality of life because of a restricted range of motion in affected joints. The precise pathogenic mechanism underlying joint contractures is not fully understood. Lumican belongs to the class II small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan superfamily, which makes up collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix. Lumican is ubiquitously expressed in the skin, liver, heart, uterus and articular cartilage and has reported roles in cell migration, proliferation, angiogenesis and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Previous research has suggested that lumican is involved in the pathogenesis of several fibrotic diseases. Because joint contracture resembles a fibrotic disease, we aimed to investigate the role of lumican in the development of joint contracture in vitro. Here, we showed that protein levels were up-regulated in the fibrotic joint capsule versus control. We observed that lumican significantly enhanced the proliferation, migration and fibroblast-myofibroblast transition of synovial fibroblasts. Moreover, lumican led to increased transcription of alpha-smooth muscle actin, matrix metallopeptidase 9, Collagen I, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and transforming growth factor-β in vitro. Lumican treatment promoted collagen lattice contraction in a dose-dependent manner as early as 24 h after treatment. Thus, our studies reveal that lumican could promote fibroblast-myofibroblast transition and joint contracture.
Topics: Actins; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Collagen; Female; Fibrosis; Humans; Joint Capsule; Joints; Lumican; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Middle Aged; Myofibroblasts; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; RNA, Messenger; Signal Transduction; Synovial Membrane; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 32910552
DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12974 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Oct 2020Based on the currently available literature, total denervation of the elbow joint is considered impossible. However, consensus with respect to the anatomic location of... (Review)
Review
Based on the currently available literature, total denervation of the elbow joint is considered impossible. However, consensus with respect to the anatomic location of sensory branches is lacking. The aim of this literature review was to establish consensus with respect to the anatomic features of the articular branches innervating the elbow joint, as well as the distribution of sensory receptors about its capsule. Four electronic databases were queried, between January 1945 and June 2019. Twenty-one original articles providing a detailed description of the distribution of sensory receptors about the elbow joint capsule (5) and its articular branches (16) were reviewed. The posterior capsule was found to be primarily innervated by the ulnar and radial nerves via combined articular branches and sensory branches of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve. The anterior capsule was found to be primarily innervated by a plexus of articular ramifications from muscular branches of mixed nerves (ulnar, musculocutaneous, radial, and median nerves). A higher density of nociceptors and mechano-receptors was identified within the posterior and anterior capsules, respectively. Thorough denervation, via the technique proposed herein, is likely to be sufficient in eliminating pain from degenerative conditions of the elbow joint.
Topics: Elbow Joint; Humans; Joint Capsule; Ligaments, Articular
PubMed: 31883143
DOI: 10.1002/ca.23538 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Sep 2022We continued direct morphological studies of the canid coxofemoral joint, considering early-life spatial relationships around the locus of the proximocaudal joint...
We continued direct morphological studies of the canid coxofemoral joint, considering early-life spatial relationships around the locus of the proximocaudal joint capsule insertion. Our primary goal was to elucidate the postnatal developmental gross anatomy of the proximocaudal femur, among juveniles across Canidae. From an original database of 267 independent (museum) specimens from 11 canid taxa and 1 hybrid taxon, we identified 29 ancient or modern candidate juvenile specimens (nine taxa and one hybrid taxon). Based on optimal ability to recognize landmarks, the best photographic data were categorized into five groups of four each (n = 20). The data groups approximated early juvenile, early-mid juvenile, mid-juvenile, mid-late juvenile; and young adult stages. In this descriptive photographic essay, we demonstrate the developmental spatial proximity among (a) the dorsal meeting of the respective lateral and medial extensions from the growth centers of the femoral head and greater trochanter; (b) the caudodorsal aspect of the coxofemoral joint capsule attachment; (c) a segment of the proximocaudal femoral shaft physis; and (d) an eventual associated mineralized prominence. The latter occurs frequently but not universally, suggesting natural population variability across taxa. Across taxa and juvenile age categories, the morphology thus supports developmental conservation among ancient and modern Canidae. The biomechanical and biological cause-effect implications are not yet clear. For zoological purposes, we apply the term postdevelopmental mineralized prominence to the residual caudolateral surface feature. We extend the original anatomical work of Morgan in zoological and phylogenic arenas, using direct observation of cleared skeletal specimens.
Topics: Animals; Canidae; Femur; Femur Head; Hip Joint; Joint Capsule
PubMed: 34854568
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24848 -
Seminars in Immunopathology Jun 2017The profound alterations in the structure, cellular composition, and function of synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the basis for the persistent... (Review)
Review
The profound alterations in the structure, cellular composition, and function of synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the basis for the persistent inflammation and cumulative joint destruction that are hallmarks of this disease. In RA, the synovium develops characteristics of a tertiary lymphoid organ, with extensive infiltration of lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Concurrently, the fibroblast-like synoviocytes undergo massive hyperplasia and acquire a tissue-invasive phenotype. In this review, we summarize key components of these processes, focusing on recently-described roles of selected molecular markers of these cellular components of RA synovitis.
Topics: Animals; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Biomarkers; Cell Communication; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Joint Capsule; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Signal Transduction; Synovial Membrane
PubMed: 28497350
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0631-3