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American Family Physician Jul 2019Asymptomatic lead poisoning has become more common in children. Blood lead levels of less than 5 µg per dL are associated with impairments in neurocognitive and... (Review)
Review
Asymptomatic lead poisoning has become more common in children. Blood lead levels of less than 5 µg per dL are associated with impairments in neurocognitive and behavioral development that are irreversible. Risk factors for lead poisoning include age younger than five years, low socioeconomic status, living in housing built before 1978, and use of imported food, medicines, and pottery. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force released a recommendation in 2019 citing insufficient evidence to assess the balance of benefits and harms of universal screening for elevated blood lead levels in asymptomatic children and pregnant women. Local risk factors can be substantial, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that states and cities formulate their own targeted screening guidelines. In the absence of local guidance, the CDC recommends screening all Medicaid-eligible children at 12 months and again at 24 months, or at least once between 36 and 72 months if not previously screened. The CDC also recommends universal screening in areas where more than 27% of the housing was built before 1950, or where at least 12% of children 12 to 36 months of age have blood lead levels greater than 10 µg per dL. Life-threatening lead levels are treated with chelation therapy, and lower levels should prompt case management and environmental investigations to identify and remove the source of exposure. Primary prevention strategies are essential to eliminate the harmful effects of lead on child development.
Topics: Chelation Therapy; Child; Child, Preschool; Housing; Humans; Infant; Lead Poisoning; Mass Screening; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States
PubMed: 31259498
DOI: No ID Found -
The New England Journal of Medicine May 2023
Topics: Humans; Lead Poisoning
PubMed: 37125777
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm2210842 -
Journal of Public Health Management and... 2019
Topics: Humans; Lead Poisoning; Michigan; Water Quality
PubMed: 30507762
DOI: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000902 -
Journal of Health Care For the Poor and... 2023In 1934, the Federal Housing Authority precluded mortgage loans to residents of neighborhoods with non-White families or where housing was deteriorated; these were... (Review)
Review
In 1934, the Federal Housing Authority precluded mortgage loans to residents of neighborhoods with non-White families or where housing was deteriorated; these were declared "hazardous" and labeled red on maps. In 1962 three redlined north Brooklyn neighborhoods had 41 children, all Black and Puerto Rican, with lead levels >60ug/dL. A review of public polices in the U.S. from 1898 to the present revealed that lead poisoning followed an income gradient with multiple disproportionate effects on non-White children in redlined neighborhoods. The poisonings diminished when federal and local regulations prevented lead exposure. While redlining had profound influences on both likelihood and severity of lead poisoning and its consequences, it was a mediator of effects. The principal causes were federal policies failing to prevent environmental contamination and local governments failing to prevent exposure.
Topics: Child; Humans; Hispanic or Latino; Housing; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Residence Characteristics; Black or African American
PubMed: 37464504
DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2023.0028 -
Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing :... 2017Lead poisoning is receiving much attention and increased awareness lately owing to the tainted water supply crisis in Flint, Michigan. This article provides an important... (Review)
Review
Lead poisoning is receiving much attention and increased awareness lately owing to the tainted water supply crisis in Flint, Michigan. This article provides an important review about lead poisoning in both children and adults, potential causes, signs and symptoms, long-term effects, prevention, and recommendations for nursing practice. This article is not an in-depth examination of the topic, but rather a quick review.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Humans; Lead Poisoning; Nursing Diagnosis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27902665
DOI: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000227 -
The New Zealand Medical Journal Jun 2019
Review
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Child; Environmental Exposure; Female; Firearms; Humans; Lead Poisoning; Male; Needs Assessment; New Zealand; Risk Assessment; Sex Factors
PubMed: 31170136
DOI: No ID Found -
Advances in Clinical Chemistry 2023Lead has been a known source of toxicity for millennia due to widespread use until the 20th century. Consequently, there remains significant, though decreasing, exposure...
Lead has been a known source of toxicity for millennia due to widespread use until the 20th century. Consequently, there remains significant, though decreasing, exposure to lead throughout the world. Clinical signs and symptoms of lead toxicity are well-documented but is particularly concerning for children six years of age and under, as brain development is rapid and therefore, is likely to be affected by even low levels of lead. Therefore, in the United States, it is recommended that young children to be routinely screened for blood lead levels. Blood lead levels can be measured by various methods in laboratories with blood collection greatly impacting possible lead contamination of samples. The history, presentation, and laboratory testing methodologies will be discussed.
Topics: Child; Humans; United States; Child, Preschool; Lead; Laboratories; Lead Poisoning
PubMed: 37973320
DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.08.001 -
JAMA Mar 2023
Topics: United States; Humans; Lead Poisoning
PubMed: 36897599
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.1543 -
Critical Reviews in Toxicology May 2018Lead is an important heavy metal used worldwide in several applications, especially in industry. People exposed to lead can develop a wide range of symptoms associated... (Review)
Review
Lead is an important heavy metal used worldwide in several applications, especially in industry. People exposed to lead can develop a wide range of symptoms associated with lead poisoning. Many effects of lead poisoning are reported in the literature, showing a compromising of whole body health, with symptoms related to cardiovascular, immune, bone, reproductive, hematological, renal, gastrointestinal, and nervous system. However, the molecular lead targets as well as the pathways affected by lead poisoning are not completely described. The aim of this study was to construct a map of metabolic pathways impaired in lead poisoning by evaluating which biomolecules are directly affected by lead. Through manual literature curation, we identified proteins which physically interact with lead and subsequently determined the metabolic pathways those proteins are involved with. At total, we identified 23 proteins involved with heme synthesis, calcium metabolism, neurotransmission, among other biological systems, which helps to understand the wide range of lead-poisoning symptoms.
Topics: Animals; Carrier Proteins; Humans; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Protein Binding
PubMed: 29431551
DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1429387 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Nov 2022
Topics: Humans; Medicine, Ayurvedic; Lead Poisoning
PubMed: 35342137
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9178-21