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Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice Sep 2014Hematuria is defined as an abnormal number of red blood cells in urine. Even a tiny amount of blood (1 mL in 1000 mL of urine) is sufficient to make urine appear pink or... (Review)
Review
Hematuria is defined as an abnormal number of red blood cells in urine. Even a tiny amount of blood (1 mL in 1000 mL of urine) is sufficient to make urine appear pink or red. In the pediatric population, the majority of etiologies are benign and often asymptomatic. However, hematuria may also be a sign of renal pathology, local infection, or systemic disease. Hematuria can be differentiated into 2 categories: macroscopic hematuria (visible to the naked eye) and microscopic hematuria (> 5 red blood cells/high-powered field on urinalysis). This review will outline the current literature regarding evaluation and management of pediatric patients who present to the emergency department with hematuria. Obtaining a thorough history and the appropriate diagnostic tests will be discussed in depth.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Hematuria; Hospitalization; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Physical Examination; Referral and Consultation; Urinalysis
PubMed: 25296518
DOI: No ID Found -
Transplantation Proceedings May 2020Renal graft intolerance syndrome is an inflammatory process that occurs in up to 40% of patients with graft loss. It is characterized by fever, graft pain, hematuria,... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Renal graft intolerance syndrome is an inflammatory process that occurs in up to 40% of patients with graft loss. It is characterized by fever, graft pain, hematuria, and anemia. Traditionally, the treatment has been nephrectomy; however, this procedure is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. As an alternative, graft embolization is associated with success rates of up to 92%. In this study, we describe the graft embolization experience of 1 center, its clinical outcomes and complications.
METHODS
An observational, retrospective study was conducted. It included all patients with graft intolerance syndrome undergoing graft embolization between 2012 and 2018. The success of the procedure was defined by the resolution of the symptoms that motivated the embolization.
RESULTS
We found 12 cases of patients undergoing embolization. The time of presentation of the graft intolerance syndrome after admission to dialysis was 6 months (range, 0.6-13). The main clinical manifestation was pain in the area of the graft and macroscopic hematuria. Except for 1 patient, all continued with the immunosuppressive treatment regimen after graft loss for 4 months (range, 0.6-9), received antibiotics for 5.5 days (range, 2-14), and 10 patients received steroid treatment for 6.5 days (range, 5-10). The main complication, secondary to the procedure, was hematoma at the puncture site in 3 patients. Only 1 patient had postembolization syndrome, which resolved with steroid administration. Two patients required postembolization nephrectomy due to persistent renal blood flow and symptoms such as pain and hematuria. The average hospital stay was 5.5 days (range, 1-24).
CONCLUSIONS
Renal graft embolization is an effective technique as a treatment strategy in patients with clinical signs of intolerance syndrome, with a success rate ≥83.3%, low morbidity, and short hospital stay; furthermore, it avoids the potential complications of a surgical nephrectomy. Graft infection should be ruled out before embolization, and the use of prophylactic antibiotics and steroid therapy is recommended to reduce the risk of postembolization syndrome and infectious complications.
Topics: Adult; Child; Embolization, Therapeutic; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Syndrome; Transplants; Young Adult
PubMed: 32173594
DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.01.051 -
Urology Annals 2019This study aims to evaluate the magnitude and impact of renal trauma among pediatric population and to assess the effectiveness of conservative versus operative...
AIMS
This study aims to evaluate the magnitude and impact of renal trauma among pediatric population and to assess the effectiveness of conservative versus operative management.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
All pediatric patients (age <18 years) with blunt renal trauma, who presented to King Khalid National Guard Hospital in Jeddah between January 2000 and December 2012, were retrospectively reviewed. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, mechanism of injury, length of hospital stay, grade of renal trauma, hematuria, renovascular injuries, associated nonrenal injuries, conservative versus operative management, renal outcomes, and complications.
RESULTS
Fifteen children with a blunt renal injury were identified, of which 14 met data inclusion criteria. The renal injury population had a mean age of 12.7 years (standard deviation 4.6) and was 85.7% male. The renal injuries were distributed as follows: Grade 1, = 3 (21.4%); Grade 2, = 3 (21.4%); Grade 3, = 3 (21.4%); Grade 4, = 3 (21.4%); and Grade 5, = 2 (14.2%). Macroscopic hematuria was present in 64.3% of children. The median hospital length of stay was 13 days. Eleven children (78.5%) had traumatic injuries in multiple organs. Overall, 10 children (71.4%) were managed conservatively. Four children (28.5%) with high-grade trauma required operative intervention. Renovascular injuries were found in 4 cases (80%) of high-grade renal injuries.
CONCLUSIONS
Conservative management of kidney injuries was highly successful in children with low-grade renal trauma. Furthermore, operative intervention in high-grade renal injuries proved to be successful and had good renal outcomes. Renal preservation was achieved in 92.8% of cases.
PubMed: 31413499
DOI: 10.4103/UA.UA_149_18 -
Collegian (Royal College of Nursing,... 2017To examine the link between medication use and the risk of bleeding complications following transurethral resection of the prostate from the second postoperative day...
OBJECTIVES
To examine the link between medication use and the risk of bleeding complications following transurethral resection of the prostate from the second postoperative day until hospital discharge.
METHOD
Using a retrospective observational study design, the medical records of all patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate over a 24-month period were examined. Comprehensive data regarding patients’ medication history, comorbidities and complications that occurred either during or after surgery were collected from medical records. Inferential statistical analysis was used to examine associations between demographic and medication variables and the risk of complications.
RESULTS
Complications arising after surgery occurred in 48/135 (36%) of patients. The most common complications postoperatively were hematuria, occurring in 41/48 (85%) and hematuria with clot retention, occurring in 24/48 (50%) of patients who suffered complications. There was a significant association between the number of medications prescribed and postoperative complications; for hematuria, χ2 (12) = 21.50, p = 0.04; and for hematuria with clot retention χ2 (12) = 24.97, p = 0.015.
CONCLUSIONS
Demographic data relating to patients’ age, comorbid state and the number of standard medications prescribed is associated with an increase in macroscopic hematuria and macroscopic hematuria with clot retention after transurethral resection of the prostate. These findings emphasize the importance of nursing practice in both preoperative and postoperative care of patients undergoing surgery. Nurses need to be very vigilant in assessing patients at risk of increased bleeding from a transurethral resection of the prostate by examining their medication regimen.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Australia; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Prostate; Retrospective Studies; Transurethral Resection of Prostate
PubMed: 29218956
DOI: 10.1016/j.colegn.2015.07.001 -
Journal of Pediatric Urology Apr 2020Nutcracker syndrome (NS) defines an entity generated by the compression of the left renal vein resulting in venous hypertension, which transmitted in a retrograde...
INTRODUCTION
Nutcracker syndrome (NS) defines an entity generated by the compression of the left renal vein resulting in venous hypertension, which transmitted in a retrograde direction may cause hematuria, proteinuria, and varicocele. The literature concerning exclusively pediatric patients is very rare.
OBJECTIVE
To report the authors' experience with pediatric NS in the last 18 years.
STUDY DESIGN
This is a retrospective review of the patients followed up in the authors' center with diagnosis of NS based on clinical and imaging tests (ultrasound, computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging, and phlebography). The primary outcome was the success of the conservative approach in the study patients.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 21 patients were diagnosed with NS and followed up for a mean period of 52.3 months (37.1-67.5). The mean age at diagnosis was 11.7 years (9.9-13.4). The most frequent symptom of presentation was hematuria in 16 patients (76.2%), being macroscopic in 75% patients and related to physical exercise in 42.9% patients. Other symptoms were left varicocele in 7 patients (33%) and proteinuria in 6 patients (28.6%). Mild to moderate cases received conservative treatment (change of physical activity, postural hygiene), which achieved resolution of symptoms in 16 patients (76.2%). Five cases (23.8%) finally needed a more aggressive approach. Two (9.5%) of them required endovascular procedures (intravascular stent in the renal vein in 1 case and embolization of the spermatic vein in 1 case); in one (4.8%) of the patients, transposition of the left renal vein and kidney autotransplantation were performed, and 2 (9.5%) of the patients with mild cases required surgical correction of the varicocele.
CONCLUSIONS
Hematuria, usually macroscopic and related to physical exercise, is the most frequent symptom in pediatric patients with NS. The authors advocate studying the aortomesenteric junction by abdominal ultrasound in patients with varicocele or with intermittent macroscopic hematuria. Diagnosis is based on non-invasive tests; phlebography should be reserved for severe cases that require an interventionist attitude. A long period of conservative treatment is the first approach for pediatric patients with NS.
Topics: Child; Hematuria; Humans; Male; Renal Nutcracker Syndrome; Renal Veins; Retrospective Studies; Varicocele
PubMed: 32044256
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.12.003 -
BMC Nephrology Apr 2021Macroscopic hematuria-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is a well-known complication of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. In such cases, intratubular obstruction by...
BACKGROUND
Macroscopic hematuria-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is a well-known complication of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. In such cases, intratubular obstruction by red blood cell (RBC) casts and acute tubular necrosis are mainly observed pathologically. Herein, we report the case of a patient with IgA nephropathy presenting with AKI following an episode of macrohematuria. The patient presented with severe renal tubular hemosiderosis and acute tubular necrosis and without any obvious obstructive RBC casts.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 68-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with IgA nephropathy on renal biopsy 6 years ago, was admitted to our hospital after an episode of macroscopic glomerular hematuria and AKI following upper respiratory tract infection. Renal biopsy showed mesangial proliferation of the glomeruli, including crescent formation in 17 % of the glomeruli, and acute tubular necrosis without obvious hemorrhage or obstructive RBC casts. The application of Perls' Prussian blue stain showed hemosiderin deposition in the renal proximal tubular cells. Immunofluorescence showed granular mesangial deposits of IgA and C3. Based on these findings, she was diagnosed with acute tubular necrosis with a concurrent IgA nephropathy flare-up. Moreover, direct tubular injury by heme and iron was considered to be the cause of AKI. She was treated with intravenous pulse methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisolone. Thereafter, the gross hematuria gradually faded, and her serum creatinine levels decreased.
CONCLUSIONS
IgA nephropathy presenting with acute kidney injury accompanied by macrohematuria may cause renal hemosiderosis and acute tubular necrosis without obstructive RBC casts. Hemosiderosis may be a useful indicator for determining the pathophysiology of macroscopic hematuria-associated AKI. However, renal hemosiderosis may remain undiagnosed. Thus, Perls' Prussian blue iron staining should be more widely used in patients presenting with hematuria.
Topics: Aged; Erythrocytes; Female; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Hematuria; Hemosiderosis; Humans; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
PubMed: 33858363
DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02334-w -
Annals of Vascular Surgery Feb 2022The true incidence and natural history of renal artery aneurysm (RAA) remain unclear and still exists controversy over indication for treatment. Several techniques of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Observational Study
BACKGROUND
The true incidence and natural history of renal artery aneurysm (RAA) remain unclear and still exists controversy over indication for treatment. Several techniques of conventional surgical reconstructions are described in literature, and more recently endovascular therapies have been reported with satisfying results and lower complication rate. This paper aims to investigate the outcomes of both endovascular and open repair of RAA achieved in a single institution involving 3 medical teams (urology, vascular surgery and neuroradiology).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We conducted a single-centre retrospective observational study about all patients surgically or endovascularly treated for RAA over a 15-year period. Pre-operative, procedural and post-operative data at the early, mid- and long-term follow-up were collected and analysed, focusing on operative technique used for repair and related outcomes.
RESULTS
A total of 27 patients (n = 17 (63%) women, mean age 58 ± 13.2, n = 26 saccular RAA) were included. Mean aneurysm was size was 18.8 ± 6.3 mm. Most diagnosis were accidental. Symptomatic RAA showed with macroscopic haematuria (n = 3, 25.9%), unstable hypertension (n = 2; 7%), chronic lumbar pain (n = 1, 3.7%) and renal infarct (n = 1, 3.7%). Conventional surgery (ex-vivo repair, aneurysmorraphy, aneurysm resection and end-to-end anastomosis) was performed in 14 (51.8%) cases and endovascular coiling embolization in 13 (48.2%). Mean hospital length of stay was 5.4 ± 3.6 days. Intensive Care Unit stay was needed only in the surgically treated patients (mean 1.1 ± 1.2 days). During the early follow-up, morbidity rate was 7/14 in surgically treated patients vs. 1/13 in endovascular group; it included bleeding, retroperitoneal hematoma, arterial thrombosis and bowel obstruction. The discharge imaging showed complete aneurysm exclusion and renal artery patency in all cases. At a mean follow-up of 39 ± 42 months, 3 patients (11%) were lost to follow up and 2 (7.4 %) died from unrelated cause. None of these patients required dialysis but a statistically significant (P = 0.09) decrease in GFR was noted between the preoperative period and last follow-up control. RAA repair neither showed blood pressure control improvement nor reduced the need for anti-hypertensive drug use.
CONCLUSION
Open or endovascular techniques are both safe and efficient to treat RAA. Even though, surgical management is burdened with higher morbidity rate, the operative technique should be selected according to anatomical features, diameters and location of RRA; and the number of renal branches involved. Further larger studies are needed to define the feasibility and safety for a wider application of the endovascular approach.
Topics: Aged; Aneurysm; Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation; Endovascular Procedures; Female; France; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Renal Artery; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34644627
DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2021.07.024 -
Ulusal Travma Ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi =... May 2023Wunderlich syndrome (WS) is defined as a rare spontaneous renal hemorrhage. It mostly occurs with concomitant diseases without trauma. It usually presents with the Lenk...
Wunderlich syndrome (WS) is defined as a rare spontaneous renal hemorrhage. It mostly occurs with concomitant diseases without trauma. It usually presents with the Lenk triad and is diagnosed in emergency departments with the effective use of advanced imaging modalities such as ultrasonography, computerized tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging scanning. In the management of WS, conservative treatment, interventional radiology, or surgical procedures are decided according to the patient's condition and treated appropriately. Conservative follow-up and treatment should be considered in patients whose diagnosis is stable. If diagnosed late, the progression can be life-threatening. As an interesting case of WS, a 19-year-old patient was presented with hydronephrosis due to ure-teropelvic junction obstruction. Spontaneous renal hemorrhage without a history of trauma is presented. The patient, who presented to the emergency department with the sudden onset of flank pain, vomiting, and macroscopic hematuria was imaged by computed tomography. The patient could be followed and treated conservatively for the first 3 days, and on the 4th day, his general condition deteriorated, and he underwent selective angioembolization and then laparoscopic nephrectomy. WS is a serious, life-threatening emer-gency, even in young patients with benign conditions. Early diagnosis is mandatory. Delays in diagnosis and non-energetic approaches can lead to life-threatening situations. In hemodynamically unstable non-malignant cases, the decision for immediate treatment, such as angioembolization and surgery, should be taken without hesitation.
Topics: Male; Humans; Young Adult; Adult; Kidney; Ureteral Obstruction; Hydronephrosis; Hemorrhage; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 37145043
DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2022.54502 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2023Romani people have a high prevalence of kidney failure. This study examined a Romani cohort for pathogenic variants in the , and genes that are affected in Alport...
INTRODUCTION
Romani people have a high prevalence of kidney failure. This study examined a Romani cohort for pathogenic variants in the , and genes that are affected in Alport syndrome (AS), a common cause of genetic kidney disease, characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, end-stage kidney failure, hearing loss, and eye anomalies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study included 57 Romani from different families with clinical features that suggested AS who underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the genes, and 83 family members.
RESULTS
In total, 27 Romani (19%) had autosomal recessive AS caused by a homozygous pathogenic c.1598G>A, p.Gly533Asp variant in ( = 20) or a homozygous c.415G>C, p.Gly139Arg variant in ( = 7). For p.Gly533Asp, 12 (80%) had macroscopic hematuria, 12 (63%) developed end-stage kidney failure at a median age of 22 years, and 13 (67%) had hearing loss. For p.Gly139Arg, none had macroscopic hematuria ( = 0.023), three (50%) had end-stage kidney failure by a median age of 42 years ( = 0.653), and five (83%) had hearing loss ( = 0.367). The p.Gly533Asp variant was associated with a more severe phenotype than p.Gly139Arg, with an earlier age at end-stage kidney failure and more macroscopic hematuria. Microscopic hematuria was very common in heterozygotes with both p.Gly533Asp (91%) and p.Gly139Arg (92%).
CONCLUSION
These two founder variants contribute to the high prevalence of kidney failure in Czech Romani. The estimated population frequency of autosomal recessive AS from these variants and consanguinity by descent is at least 1:11,000 in Czech Romani. This corresponds to a population frequency of autosomal dominant AS from these two variants alone of 1%. Romani with persistent hematuria should be offered genetic testing.
PubMed: 36844206
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1096869 -
Clinical Kidney Journal Feb 2021Anticoagulant-related nephropathy (ARN) is a clinical syndrome of acute kidney injury in patients taking vitamin K antagonists or direct oral anticoagulants. It is...
Anticoagulant-related nephropathy (ARN) is a clinical syndrome of acute kidney injury in patients taking vitamin K antagonists or direct oral anticoagulants. It is associated with increased mortality and there is no specific treatment. We report the case of a 78-year-old man on dabigatran who developed macroscopic haematuria and acute kidney injury 2 weeks after mitral valve repair, reaching a peak creatinine of 415 µmol/L from a normal baseline, which was successfully treated with one course of idarucizumab. This case illustrates the efficacy of an anticoagulant reversal agent for the treatment of ARN.
PubMed: 35261760
DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa030