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Nucleic Acids Research May 2021We used stopped-flow to monitor hypochromicity for 43 oligonucleotide duplexes to study nucleic acid kinetics and extract transition-state parameters for association and...
We used stopped-flow to monitor hypochromicity for 43 oligonucleotide duplexes to study nucleic acid kinetics and extract transition-state parameters for association and dissociation. Reactions were performed in 1.0 M NaCl (for literature comparisons) and 2.2 mM MgCl2 (PCR conditions). Dissociation kinetics depended on sequence, increased exponentially with temperature, and transition-state parameters inversely correlated to thermodynamic parameters (r = -0.99). Association had no consistent enthalpic component, varied little with temperature or sequence, and poorly correlated to thermodynamic parameters (r = 0.28). Average association rates decreased 78% in MgCl2 compared to NaCl while dissociation was relatively insensitive to ionic conditions. A nearest-neighbour kinetic model for dissociation predicted rate constants within 3-fold of literature values (n = 11). However, a nearest-neighbour model for association appeared overparameterized and inadequate for predictions. Kinetic predictions were used to simulate published high-speed (<1 min) melting analysis and extreme (<2 min) PCR experiments. Melting simulations predicted apparent melting temperatures increase on average 2.4°C when temperature ramp rates increased from 0.1 to 32°C/s, compared to 2.8°C reported in the literature. PCR simulations revealed that denaturation kinetics are dependent on the thermocycling profile. Simulations overestimated annealing efficiencies at shorter annealing times and suggested that polymerase interactions contribute to primer-template complex stability at extension temperatures.
Topics: Cluster Analysis; Computer Simulation; DNA; Kinetics; Magnesium Chloride; Models, Chemical; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Nucleic Acid Denaturation; Nucleic Acids; Oligonucleotides; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sodium Chloride; Temperature; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 33823552
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab205 -
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science... Mar 2020Sodium chloride (NaCl) universally well-known as table salt is an ancient food additive, which is broadly used to increase the storage stability and the palatability of... (Review)
Review
Sodium chloride (NaCl) universally well-known as table salt is an ancient food additive, which is broadly used to increase the storage stability and the palatability of foods. Though, in recent decades, use of table salt in foods is a major concern among the health agencies of the world owing to ill effects of sodium (Na) that are mostly linked to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. As a result, food scientists are working to decrease the sodium content in food either by decreasing the rate of NaCl addition or by partial or full replacement of NaCl with other suitable salts like potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl ), or magnesium chloride (MgCl ). However, in cheese, salt reduction is difficult to accomplish owing to its multifaceted role in cheese making. Considering the significant contribution in dietary salt intake (DSI) from cheese, researchers across the globe are exploring various technical interventions to develop reduced-sodium cheeses (RSCs) without jeopardizing the quality and safety of cheeses. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide an insight of NaCl reduction on sensory, physicochemical, and technofunctional attributes of RSCs with an aim to explore various strategies for salt reduction without affecting the cheese quality and safety. The relationship between salt reduction and survival of pathogenic and spoilage-causing microorganisms and growth of RSCs microflora is also discussed. Based on the understanding of conceptual and applied information on the complex changes that occur in the development of RSCs, the quality and safety of RSCs can be accomplished effectively in order to reduce the DSI from cheese.
Topics: Cheese; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Food Quality; Food Safety; Humans; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Taste
PubMed: 33325171
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12524 -
Membranes May 2022The presence of pharmaceutical products, and their metabolites, in wastewater has become a focus of growing environmental concern. Among these pharmaceutical products,...
The presence of pharmaceutical products, and their metabolites, in wastewater has become a focus of growing environmental concern. Among these pharmaceutical products, ibuprofen (IBU) is one of the most consumed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and it can enter the environment though both human and animal consumption, because it is not entirely absorbed by the body, and the pharmaceutical industry wastewater. Nanofiltration has been described as an attractive process for the treatment of wastewater containing pharmaceutical products. In this paper, the modification of a polysulfone nanofiltration membrane by coating with graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has been carried out. The morphology and elemental composition of the active layer of unmodified and modified membranes were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. Initial characterization membranes was carried out, studying their water permeability coefficient and their permeate flux and rejection coefficients, at different applied pressures, using magnesium chloride solutions. The behavior of both pristine and coated membranes against ibuprofen solutions were analyzed by studying the permeate fluxes and the rejection coefficients at different pressures and at different contaminant concentrations. The results have shown that both GO and RGO coated membranes lead to higher values of ibuprofene rejection than that of uncoated membrane, the latter being the one that presents better results in the studies of permeability, selectivity, and fouling.
PubMed: 35736268
DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060562 -
Advances in Rheumatology (London,... Jan 2024Despite some knowledge gaps in scientific evidence, MgCl is largely used for pain relief in musculoskeletal diseases. Mg salts were shown to provide analgesia...
OBJECTIVE
Despite some knowledge gaps in scientific evidence, MgCl is largely used for pain relief in musculoskeletal diseases. Mg salts were shown to provide analgesia postoperatively in orthopedic surgery and low Mg levels were linked to arthritis development and severity. We determined the anti-inflammatory activity of MgCl in an acute arthritis model.
METHODS
Mice received 0.1 mg/25µL Zymosan (Zy) or saline into the knees. Joint pain was evaluated using von Frey test; cell influx, and interleukin (IL)-1 level were assessed in joint lavage at 6 h. Synovia were excised for histopathology and analysis of immunoexpression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Groups (n = 6/group) received either 90 mg/kg MgCl/100 µL or saline per os (systemic) or 500 µg/25 µL MgCl or saline intra-articularly (i.a.) 30 min prior to Zy.
RESULTS
MgCl given either systemically or locally significantly reduced cell influx (p = 0.0012 and p = 0.0269, respectively), pain (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0038, respectively), and intra-articular IL-1 level (p = 0.0391), as compared to saline. Systemic MgCl significantly decreased NFκB (p < 0.05) immmunoexpression, as compared to saline.
CONCLUSION
MgCl given systemically or locally displayed anti-inflammatory activity in a severe acute arthritis model reducing cell influx, pain, and cytokine release. MgCl operates at least partially via inhibiting NFκB activation. This is the first in vivo demonstration that MgCl decreases cytokine release in arthritis, prompting reduction of inflammation and pain relief.
Topics: Rats; Humans; Mice; Animals; Magnesium Chloride; Rats, Wistar; Arthritis, Experimental; Cytokines; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Interleukin-1; Pain
PubMed: 38178208
DOI: 10.1186/s42358-023-00346-8 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Feb 2017Magnesium is essential for numerous physiological functions. Magnesium exists mostly in bone and the amount is dynamically regulated by skeletal remodeling. Accelerating...
BACKGROUND
Magnesium is essential for numerous physiological functions. Magnesium exists mostly in bone and the amount is dynamically regulated by skeletal remodeling. Accelerating bone mass loss occurs when magnesium intake is insufficient; whereas high magnesium could lead to mineralization defects. However, the underlying magnesium regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we investigated the effects of high extracellular magnesium concentration on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and the role of magnesium transporter SLC41A1 in the mineralization process.
METHODS
Murine MSCs derived from the bone marrow of BALB/c mouse or commercially purchased human MSCs were treated with osteogenic induction medium containing 5.8 mM magnesium chloride and the osteogenic differentiation efficiency was compared with that of MSCs in normal differentiation medium containing 0.8 mM magnesium chloride by cell morphology, gene expression profile of osteogenic markers, and Alizarin Red staining. Slc41a1 gene knockdown in MSCs was performed by siRNA transfection using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX, and the differentiation efficiency of siRNA-treated MSCs was also assessed.
RESULTS
High concentration of extracellular magnesium ion inhibited mineralization during osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Early osteogenic marker genes including osterix, alkaline phosphatase, and type I collagen were significantly downregulated in MSCs under high concentration of magnesium, whereas late marker genes such as osteopontin, osteocalcin, and bone morphogenetic protein 2 were upregulated with statistical significance compared with those in normal differentiation medium containing 0.8 mM magnesium. siRNA treatment targeting SLC41A1 magnesium transporter, a member of the solute carrier family with a predominant Mg efflux system, accelerated the mineralization process and ameliorated the inhibition of mineralization caused by high concentration of magnesium. High concentration of magnesium significantly upregulated Dkk1 gene expression and the upregulation was attenuated after the Slc41a1 gene was knocked down. Immunofluorescent staining showed that Slc41a1 gene knockdown promoted the translocation of phosphorylated β-catenin into nuclei. In addition, secreted MGP protein was elevated after Slc41a1 was knocked down.
CONCLUSIONS
High concentration of extracellular magnesium modulates gene expression of MSCs during osteogenic differentiation and inhibits the mineralization process. Additionally, we identified magnesium transporter SLC41A1 that regulates the interaction of magnesium and MSCs during osteogenic differentiation. Wnt signaling is suggested to be involved in SLC41A1-mediated regulation. Tissue-specific SLC41A1 could be a potential treatment for bone mass loss; in addition, caution should be taken regarding the role of magnesium in osteoporosis and the design of magnesium alloys for implantation.
Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Cation Transport Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Collagen Type I; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Ion Transport; Magnesium; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Osteocalcin; Osteogenesis; Osteopontin; Protein Isoforms; RNA, Small Interfering; Sp7 Transcription Factor; Transcription Factors; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Matrix Gla Protein
PubMed: 28222767
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0497-2 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2023A wide variety of substances have been used to anaesthetise invertebrates, but many are not anaesthetics and merely incapacitate animals rather than preventing pain. In...
A wide variety of substances have been used to anaesthetise invertebrates, but many are not anaesthetics and merely incapacitate animals rather than preventing pain. In essence, the role of an ideal general anaesthetic is to act as a muscle relaxant, an analgesic, an anaesthetic, and an amnesic. To achieve all these properties with a single substance is difficult, and various adjuvants usually need to be administered, resulting in a cocktail of drugs. In a clinical setting, the vast majority of patients are unaware of surgery being carried out and have no memory of it, so they can claim to have felt no pain, but this is much more difficult to demonstrate in invertebrates. Here, we show that 1% MgCl a muscle relaxant is a useful adjuvant for the clinical anaesthetic isoflurane on when applied alone in seawater for 10 min before the clinical anaesthetic. After this, full anaesthesia can be achieved in 5 min using 1% isoflurane insufflated into the saline still containing MgCl. Full recovery takes place rapidly in about 10 to 15 min. The depth of anaesthesia was monitored using changes in respiratory rate, chromatophore pattern, and withdrawal movements of the arms and siphon. This methodology reduces stress on the animal and minimises the quantity of anaesthetic used.
PubMed: 38003196
DOI: 10.3390/ani13223579 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Jul 2021Separation of empty and full adeno-associated virus capsids by multimodal metal affinity chromatography was investigated using a positively charged metal affinity...
Separation of empty and full adeno-associated virus capsids by multimodal metal affinity chromatography was investigated using a positively charged metal affinity ligand. A subpopulation of empty capsids eluted first, followed by full capsids, and later by more empty capsids and debris. Empty and full capsid composition of chromatography fractions was evaluated by cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation followed by stratigraphic flow analysis of the centrifuge tube contents, monitored by intrinsic fluorescence. Columns charged with barium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and ferric ions gave similar results with respect to capsid separation. Charging with cupric ions maintained resolution between early-eluting empty capsids and full capsids but caused them to elute at lower conductivity. Empty and full capsids were fractionated with Tris-borate gradients, sodium chloride gradients, and magnesium chloride gradients. Recovery of full serotype 9 capsids was 100% with complete elimination of empty capsids. All metal ions bound contaminant subsets that required sodium hydroxide for removal. Columns charged with ferric iron and manganese bound more contaminants than all other metals. Columns charged with calcium, magnesium, barium, and copper bound the least. Contaminant binding on zinc-charged columns was intermediate between the two groups.
Topics: Capsid; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Cesium; Chlorides; Chromatography, Affinity; Dependovirus
PubMed: 34034104
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462210 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Nov 2022To investigate the effect of a novel mineral containing toothpaste in comparison to a fluoride toothpaste in children with white spot lesions. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of a novel mineral containing toothpaste in comparison to a fluoride toothpaste in children with white spot lesions.
METHODS
The clinical study was conducted from 2016 to 2018 at Marmara University Department of Pediatric Dentistry Clinic after approval from the ethics review committee of Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey and comprised children of either gender aged 4-5 years having white spot lesions. They were randomly allocated into two groups. The FT (Fluoridated Toothpaste) group was given a 500ppm fluoridated toothpaste, while the Mineral Containing Toothpaste (MCT) group was given toothpaste containing calcium glycerophosphate, magnesium chloride, and 12% xylitol. The white spot lesions were examined using Laser Fluorescence (LF) at baseline and after a month of usage. The two readings were compared. Stimulated saliva was collected for measuring the salivary potential of hydrogen, buffering capacity, and streptococcus mutans. Data was analysed using SPSS 19.
RESULTS
Of the 26 children, 10(38%) were girls and 16(62%) were boys. The overall mean age was 4.77±0.54 years. There were 13(50%) subjects in each of the two groups. Of the 381 measurements done, 198(52%) were in the MCT group and 183(48%) in the FT group. LF scores decreased in both the groups (p=0.001). The remineralising potential was not significantly different (p=0.866), while salivary buffering capacity and potential of hydrogen increased in both the groups but the change was not significant (p>0.05). The number of children positive for streptococcus mutans decreased in both the groups (p>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The toothpaste containing calcium glycerophosphate, magnesium chloride and 12% xylitol had the remineralization properties needed for the prevention of gwhite spot lesions in children.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Fluorides; Glycerophosphates; Magnesium Chloride; Minerals; Streptococcus mutans; Toothpastes; Xylitol
PubMed: 37013280
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.2409 -
Journal of Periodontology Aug 2021Bone augmentation or grafting is often required for placement of dental implants or surgical reconstruction of bony defects. Bioabsorbable magnesium implant was shown to...
BACKGROUND
Bone augmentation or grafting is often required for placement of dental implants or surgical reconstruction of bony defects. Bioabsorbable magnesium implant was shown to promote osteogenesis in long bones. The objectives of this study were to determine osteogenic effects of pure magnesium (Mg) in rat mandible and underlying mechanisms.
METHODS
Pure Mg was implanted in sockets after rat mandibular incisors were extracted. Titanium (Ti) was used as control. Systemic effects were determined by serum Mg level and histologic analyses of liver and kidney. Local Mg concentration was measured by microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Alveolar bone was analyzed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histology. Osteogenic effects of 0.8 to 20 mM magnesium chloride (MgCl ) on periosteum-derived cells (PDCs) were evaluated by proliferation, alizarin red staining and quantitative RT-PCR assays.
RESULTS
Systemic effects were similar in Mg and Ti groups. Higher local Mg concentration was detected in Mg group (P < 0.05). Micro-CT showed higher alveolar bone volume (2- and 6-weeks post-operation) and denser cancellous bone (2 weeks post-operation) in Mg group, with significant amount of new subperiosteal bone formation on lateral alveolar bone surfaces by H&E staining. In PDC culture, proliferation rates, osteogenic gene expression for runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), bone sialoprotein (Bsp) and osteocalcin (Ocn), as well as calcium nodule formation rose significantly in 5, 10, and 20 mM MgCl groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Rapid osteogenesis (especially subperiosteal) is induced by pure Mg in rat mandibular alveolar bone. Osteogenic capacity of PDCs is enhanced by higher Mg ion concentrations in vitro.
Topics: Absorbable Implants; Animals; Magnesium; Mandible; Osteogenesis; Rats; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 32846010
DOI: 10.1002/JPER.20-0162 -
Cost-effectiveness analysis of using oral magnesium supplementation in the treatment of prediabetes.Primary Care Diabetes Jun 2022Evidence from clinical trials supports the efficacy of oral magnesium supplementation in the treatment of glucose-related disorders. Thus, we evaluate the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION
Evidence from clinical trials supports the efficacy of oral magnesium supplementation in the treatment of glucose-related disorders. Thus, we evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using oral magnesium chloride (MgCl) in prediabetes treatment.
METHODS
A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed. For such purpose, we used original information from a randomized controlled clinical trial. Analysis was carried out based on a health services provider perspective, a 10-year time horizon, and 3% discount rate for costs and effectiveness. Taking into account risk factor profiles, a Markov micro-simulation model was used, and a probabilistic sensibility analysis was performed.
RESULTS
The oral MgCl was dominant with lower cost and greater effectiveness as compared with placebo. As compared with placebo, 22.3% and 22.0% of men using MgCl did not develop diabetes or cardiovascular disease. The cost per person of using MgCl as compared with placebo, in the individuals without complications, was $2206 versus $4048 USD for men, and $1984 versus $3272 USD for women. The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the base case.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that using oral MgCl for at least 4 months, in adults with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia, is a cost-effective option for reducing complications and direct medical costs.
Topics: Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Magnesium; Male; Prediabetic State; Quality-Adjusted Life Years
PubMed: 35437223
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2022.03.013