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Nutrients Jan 2021Magnesium oxide has been widely used as a laxative for many years in East Asia, yet its prescription has largely been based on empirical knowledge. In recent years,... (Review)
Review
Magnesium oxide has been widely used as a laxative for many years in East Asia, yet its prescription has largely been based on empirical knowledge. In recent years, several new laxatives have been developed, which has led to a resurgence in interest and increased scientific evidence surrounding the use of magnesium oxide, which is convenient to administer, of low cost, and safe. Despite these advantages, emerging clinical evidence indicates that the use of magnesium oxide should take account of the most appropriate dose, the serum concentration, drug-drug interactions, and the potential for side effects, especially in the elderly and in patients with renal impairment. The aim of this review is to evaluate the evidence base for the clinical use of magnesium oxide for treating constipation and provide a pragmatic guide to its advantages and disadvantages.
Topics: Animals; Constipation; Drug Interactions; Humans; Laxatives; Magnesium Oxide; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 33525523
DOI: 10.3390/nu13020421 -
Journal of the American Heart... Mar 2022Background Magnesium supplements may have beneficial effects on arterial stiffness. Yet, to our knowledge, no head-to-head comparison between various magnesium... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Oxide, and Magnesium Sulfate Supplementation on Arterial Stiffness: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Intervention Trial.
Background Magnesium supplements may have beneficial effects on arterial stiffness. Yet, to our knowledge, no head-to-head comparison between various magnesium formulations in terms of effects on arterial stiffness has been performed. We assessed the effects of magnesium citrate supplementation on arterial stiffness and blood pressure and explored whether other formulations of magnesium have similar effects. Methods and Results In this randomized trial, subjects who were overweight and slightly obese received either magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, or placebo for 24 weeks. The total daily dose of magnesium was 450 mg/d. The primary outcome was carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity, which is the gold standard method for measuring arterial stiffness. Secondary outcomes included blood pressure and plasma and urine magnesium. Overall, 164 participants (mean±SD age, 63.2±6.8 years; 104 [63.4%] women) were included. In the intention-to-treat analysis, neither magnesium citrate nor the other formulations had an effect on carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity or blood pressure at 24 weeks compared with placebo. Magnesium citrate increased plasma (+0.04 mmol/L; 95% CI, +0.02 to +0.06 mmol/L) and urine magnesium (+3.12 mmol/24 h; 95% CI, +2.23 to +4.01 mmol/24 h) compared with placebo. Effects on plasma magnesium were similar among the magnesium supplementation groups, but magnesium citrate led to a more pronounced increase in 24-hour urinary magnesium excretion than magnesium oxide or magnesium sulfate. One serious adverse event was reported, which was considered unrelated to the study treatment. Conclusions Oral magnesium citrate supplementation for 24 weeks did not significantly change arterial stiffness or blood pressure. Magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate had similar nonsignificant effects. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03632590.
Topics: Aged; Blood Pressure; Citric Acid; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Magnesium; Magnesium Oxide; Magnesium Sulfate; Middle Aged; Organometallic Compounds; Pulse Wave Analysis; Sulfates; Vascular Stiffness
PubMed: 35253448
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.121.021783 -
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Feb 2022Natural polysaccharide (NPH)-based injectable hydrogels have shown great potential for critical-sized bone defect repair. However, their osteogenic, angiogenic, and...
Natural polysaccharide (NPH)-based injectable hydrogels have shown great potential for critical-sized bone defect repair. However, their osteogenic, angiogenic, and mechanical properties are insufficient. Here, MgO nanoparticles (NPs) were incorporated into a newly synthesized water-soluble phosphocreatine-functionalized chitosan (CSMP) water solution to form an injectable hydrogel (CSMP-MgO) via supramolecular combination between phosphate groups in CSMP and magnesium in MgO NPs to circumvent these drawbacks of chitosan-based injectable hydrogels. Water-soluble chitosan deviate CSMP was first synthesized by grafting methacrylic anhydride and phosphocreatine into a chitosan chain in a one-step lyophilization process. The phosphocreatine in this hydrogel not only provides sites to combine with MgO NPs to form supramolecular binding but also serves as the reservoir to control Mg release. As a result, the lyophilized CSMP-MgO hydrogels presented a porous structure with some small holes in the pore wall, and the pore diameters ranged from 50 to 100 μm. The CSMP-MgO injectable hydrogels were restricted from swelling in DI water (lowest swelling ratio was 16.0 ± 1.1 g/g) and presented no brittle failure during compression even at a strain above 85% (maximum compressive strength was 195.0 kPa) versus the control groups (28.0 and 41.3 kPa for CSMP and CSMP-MgO (0.5) hydrogels), with regulated Mg release in a stable and sustained manner. The CSMP-MgO injectable hydrogels promoted in vitro calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite (HA) and tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP)) deposition in supersaturated calcium phosphate solution and presented no cytotoxicity to MC3T3-E1 cells; the CSMP-MgO hydrogel promoted MC3T3-E1 cell osteogenic differentiation with upregulation of BSP, OPN, and Osterix osteogenic gene expression and mineralization and HUVEC tube formation. Among them, CSMP-MgO (5) presented most of these properties. Moreover, this hydrogel (CSMP-MgO (5)) showed an excellent ability to promote new bone formation in critical-sized calvarial defects in rats. Thus, the CSMP-MgO injectable hydrogel shows great promise for bone regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Chitosan; Durapatite; Hydrogels; Magnesium Oxide; Nanoparticles; Osteogenesis; Oxides; Rats
PubMed: 35119809
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21260 -
Nutrients Jan 2020Chronic functional constipation is a frequent condition. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the probiotic Lactobacillus (L.) reuteri DSM 17938 and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
Chronic functional constipation is a frequent condition. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the probiotic Lactobacillus (L.) reuteri DSM 17938 and magnesium oxide (MgO) for relieving chronic functional constipation in children.
STUDY DESIGN
A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, and parallel-group trial was conducted in five pediatric outpatient clinics in Japan. Sixty patients who were more than six months old and under six years of age with a diagnosis of functional constipation according to Rome IV criteria were randomly divided into three groups: group A (n = 20) received L. reuteri DSM 17938 and lactose hydrate as a placebo of MgO; group B (n = 19) received L. reuteri DSM 17938 and MgO; and group C (n = 21) received a placebo of L. reuteri DSM 17938 and MgO.
RESULTS
All three groups exhibited significant improvement in defecation frequency in the fourth week compared with the baseline condition (group A: p < 0.05; group B: p < 0.05; group C: p < 0.05). The MgO group and combination group showed a significant decrease in stool consistency, but the L. reuteri DSM 17938 group did not (group A: p = 0.079; group B: p < 0.05; group C: p < 0.05). MgO significantly suppressed the presence of the genus Dialister. Defecation frequency negatively correlated with the frequency of Clostridiales-belonging bacteria among the gut microbiome.
CONCLUSIONS
L. rueteri DSM 17938 and MgO were both effective in the management of functional constipation in young children. MgO caused an imbalance in the gastrointestinal microbiome, which was not the case in the probiotic group.
Topics: Antacids; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Constipation; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infant; Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Magnesium Oxide; Male; Probiotics
PubMed: 31952280
DOI: 10.3390/nu12010225 -
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics Dec 2023The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of magnesium oxide (MgO) alone and, secondarily, MgO plus riboflavin as preventive treatment of migraines in...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of magnesium oxide (MgO) alone and, secondarily, MgO plus riboflavin as preventive treatment of migraines in pregnancy. We hypothesize that MgO alone will be effective for the majority of patients and, when clinically indicated, the addition of riboflavin will result in further benefit.
METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnant patients treated for migraines between 2015 and 2020. We evaluated pre-/post-differences in the following primary outcomes: migraine frequency, severity, and duration. Secondary outcomes included associated migraine symptoms.
RESULTS
Of 203 total patients, 117 received MgO alone and 86 received MgO plus riboflavin. There were no significant differences in baseline demographics between the two groups. There was a statistically significant decrease in migraine frequency, severity, and duration in the groups receiving MgO alone and MgO plus riboflavin (p < 0.01 for all). In total, 154 patients reported migraine-associated symptoms, of which 119 (77%) improved after treatment, 18 (12%) did not improve, and 17 (11%) patients' data were missing. The MgO plus riboflavin group had a lower gestational age at treatment initiation and was more likely to receive treatment prior to pregnancy (p < 0.01). Significant differences were observed for several baseline migraine symptoms, including photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting, which were more common in the group receiving MgO plus riboflavin (p < 0.05 for all).
CONCLUSION
Migraine frequency, severity, and duration all decreased with MgO alone and MgO plus riboflavin in this pregnancy cohort. Associated symptoms also significantly decreased for both groups.
Topics: Humans; Pregnancy; Female; Magnesium Oxide; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Migraine Disorders; Riboflavin
PubMed: 36495328
DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06872-y -
Science Advances Mar 2024The emerging therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis (OA) are shifting toward comprehensive approaches that target periarticular tissues, involving both cartilage and...
The emerging therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis (OA) are shifting toward comprehensive approaches that target periarticular tissues, involving both cartilage and subchondral bone. This shift drives the development of single-component therapeutics capable of acting on multiple tissues and cells. Magnesium, an element essential for maintaining skeletal health, shows promise in treating OA. However, the precise effects of magnesium on cartilage and subchondral bone are not yet clear. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of Mg on OA, unveiling its protective effects on both cartilage and bone at the cellular and animal levels. The beneficial effect on the cartilage-bone interaction is primarily mediated by the PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, we developed poly(lactic--glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres loaded with nano-magnesium oxide modified with stearic acid (SA), MgO&SA@PLGA, for intra-articular injection. These microspheres demonstrated remarkable efficacy in alleviating OA in rat models, highlighting their translational potential in clinical applications.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Magnesium Oxide; Cartilage, Articular; Magnesium; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Osteoarthritis; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 38457498
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk6084 -
The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis Apr 2021The current study has evaluated the MICs and MBCs of ZnONPs, MgONPs, and MgONPs-ZnONPs against HRv Mtb and MDR-Mtb.
OBJECTIVE
The current study has evaluated the MICs and MBCs of ZnONPs, MgONPs, and MgONPs-ZnONPs against HRv Mtb and MDR-Mtb.
METHODS
Mixture, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and zinc oxide (MgONPs-ZnONPs) were prepared. The microplate alamar blue (MABA) assay and the proportion method were used to evaluate of anti-tubercular activity against MDR-MTB. MTT test was done to MgONPs-ZnONPs against Vero and HepG cell lines.
RESULTS
The MIC of MgONPs and ZnONPs were 0.195 and 0.468 μg mL against 10 of HRv Mtb. As well, 0.166 μg mL of MgONPs-ZnONPs was able to inhibit 10 HRv Mtb. The MIC of MgONPs against 10 concentrations of MDR-Mtb was 12.5 μg mL. The MIC of MgONPs/ZnONPs against 10 concentrations of MDR-Mtb reached to 0.664 μg mL. The MBC value of ZnONPs increased to 1.875 μg mL against 10 concentrations of MDR-Mtb. Testing showed that the MBCs of MgONPs/ZnONPs reached to 1.328 μg mL against 10 concentrations of MDR-Mtb. The IC against MDR-TB was 0.779 μg mL for ZnONPs and 0.883 μg mL for MgONPs-ZnONPs. The MgONPs-ZnONPs was not toxic to Vero cell lines however ZnONPs could inhibit the Vero and HepG cell lines.
CONCLUSION
We found that ZnONPs and mixture MgONPs-ZnONPs not only have higher bactericide behavior but might have also synergistic effects against MDR-TB.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Synergism; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Magnesium Oxide; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nanoparticles; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 33845951
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.07.032 -
Nanotoxicology Apr 2022The use of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is steadily spreading, leading to increased environmental exposures to many organisms, including humans. To improve our...
The use of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is steadily spreading, leading to increased environmental exposures to many organisms, including humans. To improve our knowledge of this potential hazard, we have evaluated the genotoxic risk of cerium oxide (CeONPs) and magnesium oxide (MgONPs) nanoparticle exposures using as an assay model. In this study, two well-known assays, such as the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (wing-spot assay) and the single-cell gel electrophoresis test (comet assay) were used. As a novelty, and for the first time, changes in the expression levels of a wide panel of DNA repair genes were also evaluated. Our results indicate that none of the concentrations of CeONPs increased the total spot frequency in the wing-spot assay, while induction was observed at the highest dose of MgONPs. Regarding the comet assay, both tested NPs were unable to induce single DNA strand breaks or oxidative damage in DNA bases. Nevertheless, exposure to CeONPs induced significant increases in the expression levels of the and genes, which are involved in the double-strand break repair pathway, together with a decrease in the expression levels of the and genes. Regarding the effects of MgONPs exposure, the expression levels of the and genes were significantly increased, while and genes were decreased. Our results show the usefulness of our approach in detecting mild genotoxic effects by evaluating changes in the expression of a panel of genes involved in DNA repair pathways.
Topics: Animals; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cerium; Comet Assay; Cytoskeletal Proteins; DNA; DNA Damage; Drosophila; Humans; Magnesium Oxide; Metal Nanoparticles; Nanoparticles; Oxides
PubMed: 35818303
DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2098072 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021In the last few decades, there has been a trend involving the use of nanoscale fillers in a variety of applications. Significant improvements have been achieved in the... (Review)
Review
In the last few decades, there has been a trend involving the use of nanoscale fillers in a variety of applications. Significant improvements have been achieved in the areas of their preparation and further applications (e.g., in industry, agriculture, and medicine). One of these promising materials is magnesium oxide (MgO), the unique properties of which make it a suitable candidate for use in a wide range of applications. Generally, MgO is a white, hygroscopic solid mineral, and its lattice consists of Mg2+ ions and O2- ions. Nanostructured MgO can be prepared through different chemical (bottom-up approach) or physical (top-down approach) routes. The required resultant properties (e.g., bandgap, crystallite size, and shape) can be achieved depending on the reaction conditions, basic starting materials, or their concentrations. In addition to its unique material properties, MgO is also potentially of interest due to its nontoxicity and environmental friendliness, which allow it to be widely used in medicine and biotechnological applications.
Topics: Adsorption; Magnesium Oxide; Models, Chemical; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 34884556
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312752 -
Nanotechnology Feb 2023Biofilms formed in food-processing environments are of special importance as they have the potential to act as a persistent source of microbial contamination that may...
Biofilms formed in food-processing environments are of special importance as they have the potential to act as a persistent source of microbial contamination that may lead to food spoilage or transmission of diseases. The creation of microbial biofilms, which can be a source of food product contamination with food spoilage and foodborne pathogenic bacteria, is one of the most critical elements in the food industry. The goal of this study was to see how well magnesium oxide (MgO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) inhibited growth and biofilm formation of two common foodborne bacterial pathogens. This study was completed in the year 2020. Resazurin reduction and micro-dilution procedures were used to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of magnesium oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles forO157: H7 (ATCC 35 218) and() (ATCC 19 118). The bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbon technique was used to determine the cell-surface hydrophobicity of the selected bacteria. The surface assay was also used to calculate the influence of the NPs coated surfaces on the biofilm formation of the selected bacteria. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles had MICs of 2 and 2 mg ml, while copper oxide nanoparticles had MICs of 0.16 and 1 mg mlagainstand, respectively. At the MIC, the magnesium and copper nanoparticles inhibited biofilm formation ofandby 89.9 and 96.6 percent and 93.6 and 98.7 percent, respectively. The hydrophobicity ofandwas determined to be 74% and 67%, respectively. The surface assay revealed a substantial reduction in bacterial adhesion and colonization on NPs-coated surfaces. Both compounds had inhibitory effects onand, according to our findings. Even at sub-MICs, NPs were found to be able to prevent biofilm development. The microbial count and production of microbial biofilms were reduced on surfaces coated with MgO and CuO nanoparticles. MgO and CuO nanoparticles can be utilized as a cleaning agent for surfaces to avoid the formation of foodborne bacterial biofilms, which is important for public health.
Topics: Magnesium Oxide; Copper; Food Microbiology; Colony Count, Microbial; Biofilms; Bacteria; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 36595339
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acab6f