-
Veterinary Sciences Feb 2024This work describes the antimycotic activity of propolis from the stingless bees and , collected from two Mexican regions (Veracruz and Chiapas, respectively), against...
This work describes the antimycotic activity of propolis from the stingless bees and , collected from two Mexican regions (Veracruz and Chiapas, respectively), against three clinical isolates and the reference strain ATCC 14522 of , the causative agent of canine otitis. The chemical components of the ethanolic extracts of propolis were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and sesquiterpenes were the predominant compounds. The antimycotic activity was evaluated by plate microdilution. The induced changes in the yeasts were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and staining with calcofluor white and propidium iodide. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 7.11 mg/mL, and the minimum fungicidal concentration was 21.33 mg/mL for both extracts. The EPPs of and caused substantial damage to yeast morphology, where the propidium iodide staining of the yeasts treated with both EEPs revealed the penetration of this marker, which indicates the destruction of the cell wall and plasma membrane of the fungi. This result suggests that these types of propolis could be used as alternative treatments for canine external otitis. To the best of our knowledge, this seems to be the first scientific report that has demonstrated structural damage in by Mexican stingless bee propolis.
PubMed: 38535840
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11030106 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023The purpose of this study was to characterize the variety and diversity of the oral mycobiome of domestic dogs and to identify the commensal and potentially pathogenic...
The purpose of this study was to characterize the variety and diversity of the oral mycobiome of domestic dogs and to identify the commensal and potentially pathogenic fungi present. Two hundred fifty-one buccal swabs from domestic dogs were obtained and struck onto a chromogenic fungal growth medium that distinguishes between fungal species based on colony color and morphology. After isolating and harvesting single colonies, genomic DNA was extracted from pure cultures. PCR was used to amplify a fungal-specific variable rDNA region of the genome, which was then sent for sequencing. Sequencing results were input into the NCBI BLAST database to identify individual components of the oral mycobiome of tested dogs. Of the 251 dogs swabbed, 73 had cultivable fungi present and 10 dogs had multiple fungal species isolated. Although the dogs did not show signs of oral infections at the time, we did find fungal species that cause pathogenicity in animals and humans. Among fungal isolates, and species from the genus were predominant. Following fungal isolate identification, antifungal drug susceptibility tests were performed on each isolate toward the medically important antifungal drugs including fluconazole, ketoconazole, and terbinafine. Drug susceptibility test results indicated that a large number of isolates had high MIC values for all three drugs. Exploring the oral mycobiome of dogs, as well as the corresponding drug susceptibility profiles, can have important implications for canine dental hygiene, health, and medical treatment. Identifying the microorganisms within the canine mouth can illustrate a common pathway for fungal pathogens of One Health concern to spread from our canine companions to humans.
PubMed: 38033632
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1281712 -
Medical Mycology Apr 2019In the case presented here, we describe the isolation of an azole-resistant strain of M. pachydermatis from a canine Malassezia dermatitis. The isolate (NUBS18001) from...
In the case presented here, we describe the isolation of an azole-resistant strain of M. pachydermatis from a canine Malassezia dermatitis. The isolate (NUBS18001) from this case exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 320 μg/ml to itraconazole (ITZ) by broth microdilution (BM) assay, >32 μg/ml to ITZ by E-test, and >32 μg/ml to KTZ by E-test. Synergistic effects between FK506 and ITZ in the azole-resistant strain was evaluated using the microdilution checker-board method. The ITZ-resistant strain exhibited MICs of 320 μg/mL of ITZ alone and 5 μg/ml of FK506 alone; the addition of FK506 attenuated the ITZ MIC to 2.5 μg/ml, yielding an ITZ FICI value of 0.507. This result suggested that the combination of ITZ and FK506 exerted an additive effect against the ITZ-resistant strain. To understand the other mechanism inferred to be present in our multi-azole-resistant strain, we sequenced the ERG11 gene from this isolate, and detected missense mutations (A412G and C905T) in the sequence of the ERG11 open reading frame (ORF). To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first report that a multi-azole-resistant M. pacydermatis strain contains mutations in ERG11.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Azoles; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dermatitis; Dermatomycoses; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal; Drug Synergism; Fluconazole; Ketoconazole; Malassezia; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation, Missense; Open Reading Frames; Voriconazole
PubMed: 29800467
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy035 -
The New Microbiologica Jul 2016Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast belonging to the microbiota of the skin and mucous membranes of dog and cat, but it can also act as pathogen, causing dermatitis. The...
Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast belonging to the microbiota of the skin and mucous membranes of dog and cat, but it can also act as pathogen, causing dermatitis. The aim of this work was to evaluate the genetic variability of M. pachydermatis strains isolated from symptomatic dogs and cats and determine a correlation between genotype and phenotype. For this purpose eleven strains of M. pachydermatis were molecularly classified by nested-polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) based on ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions, specific for fungal rRNA genes. Furthermore, random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was applied for genetic typing of M. pachydermatis isolates identifying four different genotypes. Strains belonging to genotype 1 produced the highest amount of biofilm and phospholipase activity. The inflammatory response induced by M. pachydermatis strains in immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCat cells) was significantly different when we compared the results obtained from each strain. In particular, HaCat cells infected with the strains belonging to genotypes 1 and 2 triggered the highest levels of increase in TLR-2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, COX-2 and MMP-9 expression. By contrast, cells infected with the strains of genotype 3 and those of genotype 4 did not significantly induce TLR-2 and cytokines. The results obtained might suggest a possible association between genotype and virulence factors expressed by M. pachydermatis strains. This highlights the need for a more accurate identification of the yeast to improve the therapeutic approach and to monitor the onset of human infections caused by this emergent zoonotic pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; DNA, Fungal; Dermatomycoses; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Malassezia; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 27284984
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary Research Communications Jun 2024Extracellular phospholipase (EPL) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis. Currently, the attention of researchers is focused...
Extracellular phospholipase (EPL) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis. Currently, the attention of researchers is focused on studying the virulence factors involved in this process and searching solutions to reduce their activity. One of the options is the use of natural remedies as anti-virulence agents. This study is aimed at investigating the production of extracellular phospholipase in M. pachydermatis strains (18 samples) and followed by the time-dependent inhibitory effect of selected azole antifungals (itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole) and plant essential oil components (terpinen-4-ol, thymol, carvacrol, eugenol and geraniol), evaluated by Egg Yolk Agar plate method. Almost all strains (17 isolates, (94.4%) were found to be intense EPL producers. A significant, time-dependent inhibition of EPL was noted after 1-, 3- and 6-h exposure of Malassezia cells to itraconazole (26.4%, 47.2% and 50.9%, respectively) compared to exposure to posaconazole (26.4%, 28.3% and 28.3%, respectively) and voriconazole (18.8%, 20.8% and 35.8%, respectively). After one-hour exposure to plant essential oil components, the best inhibitory effect was recorded for eugenol (62.3%), followed by terpinen-4-ol and thymol (56.6%), geraniol (41.5%) and carvacrol (26.4%). A 3-h exposure revealed that thymol retained the best inhibitory effect (88.7%) on EPL production, followed by carvacrol (73.6%), eugenol (56.6%), terpinen-4-ol (52.8%) and geraniol (49.1%). After 6-h exposure, no growth of M. pachydermatis strains exposed to carvacrol was observed, and the inhibitory efficiency for the other tested essential oil (EO) components achieved 88.7%. The obtained results indicate the promising efficacy of plant essential oils components in the inhibition of virulence factors such as EPL production.
PubMed: 38922388
DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10446-5 -
Journal de Mycologie Medicale Jun 2016To determine the fungal species isolated from skin lesions of different animals suspected of having dermatomycoses and their prevalence in different regions of Iran.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the fungal species isolated from skin lesions of different animals suspected of having dermatomycoses and their prevalence in different regions of Iran.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 1011 animals (292 dogs, 229 cats, 168 horses, 100 camels, 98 cows, 60 squirrels, 37 birds, 15 sheep, 6 goats, 5 rabbits and 1 fox) suspected of having dermatomycoses were examined. The samples were obtained by plucking the hairs and feathers with forceps around the affected area and scraping the epidermal scales with a sterile scalpel blade. All collected samples were analyzed by direct microscopy and culture. Laboratory identification of the fungal isolates was based on their colonial, microscopic and biochemical characteristics.
RESULTS
Fungal agents were recovered from 553 (54.7%) animals suspected of having dermatomycoses. Of 553 confirmed cases, 255 (49.7%) were positive for dermatophytosis, 251 (45.4%) for Malassezia dermatitis, 14 (2.5%) for candidiasis, 12 (2.2%) for aspergillosis and 1 (0.2%) for zygomycosis. Cats (36.3%) were the most prevalent infected animals, followed by camels (13.4%), dogs (12.8%), horses (12.5%), cows (12.3%), squirrels (5.4%), birds (3.6%), sheep (2%), goats (1.1%), rabbits (0.4%) and fox (0.2%). Microsporum canis (M. canis) was the most frequent fungus isolated from dogs and fox, Malassezia pachydermatis (M. pachydermatis) from cats, horses and squirrels, Trichophyton verrucosum (T. verrucosum) from cows and camels, T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes from sheep, goats and rabbits, and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) from birds.
CONCLUSION
The results suggested that periodic screening of animals suspected of having dermatomycoses and necessary treatments could help in the management of their public health problem.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Birds; Camelus; Cats; Cattle; Dermatomycoses; Dogs; Foxes; Goats; Horses; Iran; Rabbits; Sciuridae; Sheep
PubMed: 27180290
DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.04.007 -
Veterinary Dermatology Jun 2018Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis are important agents in canine pyoderma and otitis.
BACKGROUND
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis are important agents in canine pyoderma and otitis.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
Determine the in vitro efficacy of a honey-based gel (HBO) against meticillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP), meticillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and M. pachydermatis, by minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and time-kill assay (TKA). Efficacy of the product's honey component (HO) also was evaluated.
METHODS
Sixty S. pseudintermedius and 10 M. pachydermatis canine isolates were selected. All isolates were tested against serial dilutions of an HBO containing 40% HO (40%, 20%, 10%, 5% and 2.5% w/v) and HO alone (undiluted, 40%, 20%, 10%, 5% and 2.5% w/v). Microbroth assay followed by subculture was used to determine MBC and MFC. The same protocol was applied after product exposure to catalase. A well-diffusion assay for S. pseudintermedius was used to generate inhibition zones. A TKA for 10 isolates of S. pseudintermedius and 10 isolates of M. pachydermatis was performed.
RESULTS
MBC was 20% w/v (5-20% w/v) for HBO and HO. HBO had lower MBC values when compared to HO (P = 0.003). No statistical difference was observed between MSSP/MRSP isolates (HBO P = 0.757, HO P = 0.743). Only HO was affected by catalase (P = 0.015). MFC for HBO was 10% w/v (5-10% w/v) and 40% w/v for HO (20-≥40% w/v). All isolates were killed after 4 h of exposure.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and M. pachydermatis are susceptible to the HBO and these results can be used for future clinical trials.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Honey; Malassezia; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Otitis; Pyoderma; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 29569291
DOI: 10.1111/vde.12533 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Nov 2023Fungal and yeast infections, including those caused by Malassezia spp., are becoming increasingly difficult to treat, likely due to the occurrence of drug resistance.
BACKGROUND
Fungal and yeast infections, including those caused by Malassezia spp., are becoming increasingly difficult to treat, likely due to the occurrence of drug resistance.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effects of omeprazole (OME), a proton pump inhibitor, against antifungal-resistant Malassezia pachydermatis and to investigate the potential synergistic effects between OME and other antifungal compounds.
METHODS
In total, 15 samples of M. pachydermatis isolated from the skin of dogs were tested. The susceptibility of M. pachydermatis to itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, terbinafine and OME was assessed using a modified broth microdilution (BM) method. The in vitro efficacy of OME alone and in combination with other antifungal compounds was evaluated for all isolates using the BM chequerboard method. The data obtained were analysed using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI).
RESULTS
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of antifungal compounds and OME against quality control strain (M. pachydermatis CBS1879) were lower than the MIC values of same drugs against clinically collected strains. There was no significant difference in MIC values between drugs alone and combination. According to the analysis by the FICI method, no interaction was observed with OME and antifungal compounds.
CONCLUSIONS
Most M. pachydermatis strains were resistant to azole antifungal compounds. OME exerted antifungal effects against Malassezia spp. and even showed good effects on antifungal-resistant strains. No synergistic effects were observed between the antifungal compounds and OME.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Antifungal Agents; Malassezia; Omeprazole; Drug Resistance, Fungal
PubMed: 37872836
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1305 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2017species are lipophilic and lipid-dependent yeasts belonging to the human and animal microbiota. Typically, they are isolated from regions rich in sebaceous glands. They...
species are lipophilic and lipid-dependent yeasts belonging to the human and animal microbiota. Typically, they are isolated from regions rich in sebaceous glands. They have been associated with dermatological diseases such as seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor, atopic dermatitis, and folliculitis. The genomes of , , and lack the genes related to fatty acid synthesis. Here, the lipid-synthesis pathways of these species, as well as of , and of an atypical variant were reconstructed using genome data and Constraints Based Reconstruction and Analysis. To this end, the genomes of CBS 1878 and the atypical 4DS were sequenced and annotated. The resulting Enzyme Commission numbers and predicted reactions were similar to the other strains despite the differences in their genome size. Proteomic profiling was utilized to validate flux distributions. Flux differences were observed in the production of steroids in and in the metabolism of butanoate in . The predictions obtained via these metabolic reconstructions also suggested defects in the assimilation of palmitic acid in , , , and the atypical variant of , but not in These predictions were validated via physiological characterization, showing the predictive power of metabolic network reconstructions to provide new clues about the metabolic versatility of .
PubMed: 28959251
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01772 -
Natural Product Research Jun 2022We aimed to evaluate the chemical, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antifungal activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of native plants from Southern Brazil: (SCH) (PER) (EUG)...
Chemical, antioxidant and cytotoxic profile of hydroalcoholic extracts of plants from Southern Brazil and their activity against pathogenic fungi isolated from dogs and cats with sensitivity and resistance to conventional antifungals.
We aimed to evaluate the chemical, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antifungal activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of native plants from Southern Brazil: (SCH) (PER) (EUG) and (EQU). Ethyl gallate, quercetin, and quinic acid were prevalent compounds identified by LC-MS. For total phenolic/flavonoid contents and the antioxidant potential against ABTS/DPPH radicals, the ascending order was EQU < PER < EUG < SCH. All extracts were low cytotoxic and kept a high Vero cell viability (>75%) at concentrations up to 12.5 mg/mL (MTT assay). By M38-A2/M27-A3 (CLSI) against 68 clinical isolates of animals and strains of , , and , all extracts (MIC/MFC ≤3.13-100 mg/mL) were active, except EUG. SCH inhibited and killed (MIC/MFC 3.12-12.5 mg/mL) and dermatophytes (MIC/MFC 6.25-25 mg/mL) resistant to ketoconazole and itraconazole. These findings support the promising use of the selected plant extracts as antifungal agents.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Brazil; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 34498965
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1956920