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Oncogene Mar 2018Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain cancer with a dreadful overall survival and for which treatment options are limited. Recent... (Review)
Review
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain cancer with a dreadful overall survival and for which treatment options are limited. Recent breakthroughs in novel immune-related treatment strategies for cancer have spurred interests in usurping the power of the patient's immune system to recognize and eliminate GBM. Here, we discuss the unique properties of GBM's tumor microenvironment, the effects of GBM standard on care therapy on tumor-associated immune cells, and review several approaches aimed at therapeutically targeting the immune system for GBM treatment. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of the intricate micro-environmental landscape of GBM will abound into the development of novel immunotherapy strategies for GBM patients.
Topics: Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Glioma; Humans; Immunotherapy
PubMed: 29242608
DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0024-z -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2018Malignant glioma is a brain tumor with a very high mortality rate resulting from the specific morphology of its infiltrative growth and poor early detection rates. The... (Review)
Review
Malignant glioma is a brain tumor with a very high mortality rate resulting from the specific morphology of its infiltrative growth and poor early detection rates. The causes of one of its very specific types, i.e., post-traumatic glioma, have been discussed for many years, with some studies providing evidence for mechanisms where the reaction to an injury may in some cases lead to the onset of carcinogenesis in the brain. In this review of the available literature, we discuss the consequences of breaking the blood⁻brain barrier and consequences of the influx of immune-system cells to the site of injury. We also analyze the influence of inflammatory mediators on the expression of genes controlling the process of apoptosis and the effect of chemical mutagenic factors on glial cells in the brain. We present the results of experimental studies indicating a relationship between injury and glioma development. However, epidemiological studies on post-traumatic glioma, of which only a few confirm the conclusions of experimental research, indicate that any potential relationship between injury and glioma, if any, is indirect.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain Injuries; Brain Neoplasms; Glioma; Humans; Macrophages; Microglia
PubMed: 30126222
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082445 -
Critical Reviews in Oncology/hematology May 2017Evidence-based practical guidelines on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment on the most frequent adult brain tumours are delineated. In Europe, 27,000 new cases of... (Review)
Review
Evidence-based practical guidelines on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment on the most frequent adult brain tumours are delineated. In Europe, 27,000 new cases of malignant glial tumours and 1000 new cases of malignant ependymal tumours are diagnosed every year. The most common glial tumours are glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic glioma, comprising more than 50% and 10%, respectively, of the total gliomas. Prognosis of gliomas is generally poor. Environmental and genetic factors have been correlated with an increased risk of developing brain tumours. Surgical resection represents the first treatment option for all histotypes. Role and timing of radiotherapy and chemotherapy as well as treatment for recurrent/progressive disease should be based on age, performance status, histopathological diagnosis, molecular markers, and previous therapy. Impaired neurocognitive and neuropsychological function is common in long-term survivors, regardless of the histology and grade of the tumour and should be taken into account in treatment planning.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Glioma; Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis
PubMed: 28427510
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.03.021 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022Evidence is accumulating that the tumour microenvironment (TME) has a key role in the progression of gliomas. Non-neoplastic cells in addition to the tumour cells are... (Review)
Review
Evidence is accumulating that the tumour microenvironment (TME) has a key role in the progression of gliomas. Non-neoplastic cells in addition to the tumour cells are therefore finding increasing attention. Microglia and other glioma-associated macrophages are at the centre of this interest especially in the context of therapeutic considerations. New ideas have emerged regarding the role of microglia and, more recently, blood-derived brain macrophages in glioblastoma (GBM) progression. We are now beginning to understand the mechanisms that allow malignant glioma cells to weaken microglia and brain macrophage defence mechanisms. Surface molecules and cytokines have a prominent role in microglia/macrophage-glioma cell interactions, and we discuss them in detail. The involvement of exosomes and microRNAs forms another focus of this review. In addition, certain microglia and glioma cell pathways deserve special attention. These "synergistic" (we suggest calling them "Janus") pathways are active in both glioma cells and microglia/macrophages where they act in concert supporting malignant glioma progression. Examples include CCN4 (WISP1)/Integrin α6β1/Akt and CHI3L1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR. They represent attractive therapeutic targets.
Topics: Humans; Microglia; Brain Neoplasms; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Glioma; Macrophages; Brain; Glioblastoma; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 36555253
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415612 -
Gene Apr 2022Glioma accounts for nearly 80% of all intracranial malignant tumors. It is a major challenge to society as it is causes to impaired brain function in many patients.... (Review)
Review
Glioma accounts for nearly 80% of all intracranial malignant tumors. It is a major challenge to society as it is causes to impaired brain function in many patients. Currently, gliomas are mainly treated with surgery, postoperative radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the curative effects of these treatments are not satisfactory. Oncolytic virus (OV) is a novel treatment which works by activating the immune functions and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. The OV propagates indefinitely in the host cell, eventually leading to the death of host cell. Subsequently, a large number of antigens and signal molecules are released which exert antitumor immunity. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown that G207, DNX2401, Zika and other viruses have important roles in malignant tumors. For example, these viruses can reduce the growth of tumor cells without causing severe complications. However, the known OVs have not been clearly classified. Herein, we divided OVs into neurotropic and non-neurophilic OVs based on whether the OVs are naturally neurotropic or not. The therapeutic effects of each group were compared. Finally, challenges encountered in the clinical application of OVs in the treatment of malignant gliomas were summarized.
Topics: Animals; Glioma; Humans; Immunity; Models, Biological; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses
PubMed: 35093451
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146217 -
Oncotarget Jan 2017Malignant glioma is the most common and a highly aggressive cancer in the central nervous system (CNS). Cancer immunotherapy, strategies to boost the body's anti-cancer... (Review)
Review
Malignant glioma is the most common and a highly aggressive cancer in the central nervous system (CNS). Cancer immunotherapy, strategies to boost the body's anti-cancer immune responses instead of directly targeting tumor cells, recently achieved great success in treating several human solid tumors. Although once considered "immune privileged" and devoid of normal immunological functions, CNS is now considered a promising target for cancer immunotherapy, featuring the recent progresses in neurobiology and neuroimmunology and a highly immunosuppressive state in malignant glioma. In this review, we focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors, specifically, antagonizing monoclonal antibodies for programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We discuss advances in the working mechanisms of these immune checkpoint molecules, their status in malignant glioma, and current preclinical and clinical trials targeting these molecules in malignant glioma.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological; Brain Neoplasms; CTLA-4 Antigen; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Glioma; Humans; Immunotherapy; Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; Male; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
PubMed: 27756892
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12702 -
Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of... Jul 2022Comprehensive molecular profiling has dramatically transformed the diagnostic neuropathology of brain tumors. Diffuse gliomas, the most common and deadly brain tumor... (Review)
Review
Comprehensive molecular profiling has dramatically transformed the diagnostic neuropathology of brain tumors. Diffuse gliomas, the most common and deadly brain tumor variants, are now classified by highly recurrent biomarkers instead of histomorphological characteristics. Several of the key molecular alterations driving glioma classification involve epigenetic dysregulation at a fundamental level, implicating fields of biology not previously thought to play major roles glioma pathogenesis. This article will review the major epigenetic alterations underlying malignant gliomas, their likely mechanisms of action, and potential strategies for their therapeutic targeting.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor; Brain Neoplasms; Epigenesis, Genetic; Glioma; Humans
PubMed: 35152274
DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00741-7 -
Journal of Drug Targeting Nov 2021Among all central nervous diseases, malignant glioma is a crucial part that deserves more attention since high fatality and disability rate. There are several... (Review)
Review
Among all central nervous diseases, malignant glioma is a crucial part that deserves more attention since high fatality and disability rate. There are several therapeutic strategies applied to the treatment of malignant glioma, especially certain chemotherapy-related treatments. However, the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) seriously hinders the strategy's progress, so how to escape from the barriers is a fascinating question. Herein, we comprehensively discussed the details of malignant glioma and the BBB's functional morphology and summarised several routes bypassing the BBB. Additionally, since possessing excellent properties for drug delivery, we provided an insight into various promising natural polymeric materials and highlighted their applications in the treatment of malignant glioma.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Neoplasms; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Glioma; Humans; Nanoparticles; Polymers; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 33745392
DOI: 10.1080/1061186X.2021.1904250 -
Chinese Medical Journal May 2015This overview seeked to bring together the microRNA (miRNA) researches on biogenesis and bio-function in these areas of clinical diagnosis and therapy for malignant... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This overview seeked to bring together the microRNA (miRNA) researches on biogenesis and bio-function in these areas of clinical diagnosis and therapy for malignant glioma.
DATA SOURCES
Using the keyword terms "glioma" and "miRNA," we performed the literature search in PubMed, Ovid, and web.metstr.com databases from their inception to October 2014.
STUDY SELECTION
In screening out the quality of the articles, factors such as clinical setting of the study, the size of clinical samples were taken into consideration. Animal studied for verification and reviews article were also included in our data collection.
RESULTS
Despite many advance in miRNA for malignant glioma, further studies were still required to focus on the following aspects: (i) Improving the understanding about biogenesis of miRNA and up-down regulation; (ii) utilizing high-throughput miRNA expression analysis to screen out the core miRNA for glioma; (iii) Focusing related miRNAs on the signal transduction pathways that regulate the proliferation and growth of glioma.
CONCLUSIONS
We discussed the most promising miRNA, correlative signaling pathway and their relation with gliomas in the way of prompting miRNA target into being a clinical therapeutic strategy.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Glioma; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 25947409
DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.156141 -
Current Neurology and Neuroscience... Jan 2015Glioblastoma is a grade IV astrocytoma that is widely accepted in clinical neurosurgery as being an extremely lethal diagnosis. Long-term survival rates remain dismal,... (Review)
Review
Glioblastoma is a grade IV astrocytoma that is widely accepted in clinical neurosurgery as being an extremely lethal diagnosis. Long-term survival rates remain dismal, and even when tumors undergo gross resection with confirmation of total removal on neuroimaging, they invariably recur with even greater virulence. Standard therapeutic modalities as well as more contemporary treatments have largely resulted in disappointing improvements. However, the therapeutic potential of vaccine immunotherapy for malignant glioma should not be underestimated. In contrast to many of the available treatments, vaccine immunotherapy is unique because it offers the means of delivering treatment that is highly specific to both the patient and the tumor. Peptide, heat-shock proteins, and dendritic cell vaccines collectively encapsulate the majority of research efforts involving vaccine-based treatment modalities. In this review, important recent findings for these vaccine types are discussed in the context of ongoing clinical trials. Broad challenges to immunotherapy are also considered.
Topics: Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Cancer Vaccines; Dendritic Cells; Glioma; Heat-Shock Proteins; Humans; Peptides
PubMed: 25431096
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0508-y