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BMJ Case Reports Feb 2019Unilateral condylar hyperplasia is characterised by slow progressive growth of the different parts of mandible, the aetiology of which is still unclear. It is a... (Review)
Review
Unilateral condylar hyperplasia is characterised by slow progressive growth of the different parts of mandible, the aetiology of which is still unclear. It is a self-limiting condition mostly seen between the age of 11-30 years causing facial asymmetry and its progression ceases after a certain time. In literature until now very few cases have been reported and every case that is being reported adds to its features or the aetiology. Previously, it has been classified into two types that is, hemimandibular hyperplasia and hemimandibular elongation. Here, we report a similar case with a few features distinct from those reported earlier.
Topics: Adult; Facial Asymmetry; Humans; Hyperplasia; Male; Malocclusion; Mandible; Mandibular Condyle; Oral Surgical Procedures; Osteotomy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30737324
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-227569 -
Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS Dec 2021The mandibular condyle is an integral structure in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) serving not only as the hinge point for mandibular opening, but also facilitating... (Review)
Review
The mandibular condyle is an integral structure in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) serving not only as the hinge point for mandibular opening, but also facilitating mandibular growth and contributing to facial aesthetics. Significant compromise of the TMJ can be debilitating functionally, psychologically, and aesthetically. Reconstruction of the mandibular condyle is rarely straightforward. Multiple considerations must be accounted for when preparing for condylar reconstruction such as ensuring eradication of all chronically diseased or infected bone, proving clear oncologic margins following tumor resection, or achieving stability of the surrounding architecture in the setting of a traumatic injury. Today, there is not one single gold-standard reconstructive method or material; ongoing investigation and innovation continue to improve and transform condylar reconstruction. Herein, we review methods of condylar reconstruction focusing on autologous and alloplastic materials, surgical techniques, and recent technological advances.
Topics: Humans; Mandible; Mandibular Condyle; Temporomandibular Joint
PubMed: 33878796
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726444 -
The British Journal of Oral &... Oct 2018Unilateral condylar hyperplasia is a rare disease that causes facial asymmetry as a result of excessive vertical or horizontal growth, or both, of the mandibular... (Review)
Review
Unilateral condylar hyperplasia is a rare disease that causes facial asymmetry as a result of excessive vertical or horizontal growth, or both, of the mandibular condyle. Investigation should address the patient's concerns, and establish whether the disease is active with the use of single positron emission tomography (PET). Proportional reduction of the condyle arrests active disease and restores mandibular height, and any residual asymmetry can be corrected according to conventional orthognathic principles. We recommend the use of 3-dimensional virtual planning for such complex movements. The rarity of the disease means that, to our knowledge, high-quality evidence is lacking and further research is needed.
Topics: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Diagnosis, Differential; Facial Asymmetry; Genioplasty; Humans; Hyperplasia; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Osteotomy; Organotechnetium Compounds; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Surgery, Computer-Assisted; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 30115459
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.07.017 -
Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS Dec 2019There exists no consensus "gold standard" treatment for condylar fractures, and there is continued debate on whether condylar fractures should undergo surgical or... (Review)
Review
There exists no consensus "gold standard" treatment for condylar fractures, and there is continued debate on whether condylar fractures should undergo surgical or conservative management. Herein, we review various techniques of conservative, closed, and open surgical treatments of condylar fractures. Also, we review complications associated with each treatment modality and compare and contrast closed and open management. Standardization of fracture classification schemes and treatment modalities is needed to elucidate the best course of action for each patient and each fracture.
Topics: Conservative Treatment; Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Fractures
PubMed: 31783418
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1700888 -
The British Journal of Oral &... May 2018Idiopathic condylar resorption is a well-documented but poorly-understood pathological entity that predominantly affects young women, particularly during the pubertal... (Review)
Review
Idiopathic condylar resorption is a well-documented but poorly-understood pathological entity that predominantly affects young women, particularly during the pubertal growth spurt. Several theories have been proposed to explain its aetiopathogenesis, the most favoured of which are the hormonally mediated theory, the theory of avascular necrosis, and the dysfunctional remodelling theory. The condition is diagnosed by a combination of clinical and radiological data as well as elements from the patient's history. Treatments such as orthognathic surgery, repositioning and stabilisation of the disc, condylectomy and condylar repair with a costochondral graft, or total prosthetic joint reconstruction, have been suggested, but so far, no method has proved superior. Further research is required to better understand the pathophysiology of the condition and identify the optimal treatment.
Topics: Bone Resorption; Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Diseases
PubMed: 29555141
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.02.016 -
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA Nov 2015Various surgical interventions including esthetic surgery, salivary gland excision, and open reduction of fracture have been performed in the area around the mandibular... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Various surgical interventions including esthetic surgery, salivary gland excision, and open reduction of fracture have been performed in the area around the mandibular angle and condyle. This study aimed to comprehensively review the anatomy of the neurovascular structures on the angle and condyle with recent anatomic and clinical research.
METHODS AND RESULTS
We provide detailed information about the branching and distributing patterns of the neurovascular structures at the mandibular angle and condyle, with reported data of measurements and proportions from previous anatomical and clinical research. Our report should serve to help practitioners gain a better understanding of the area in order or reduce potential complications during local procedures. Reckless manipulation during mandibular angle reduction could mutilate arterial branches, not only from the facial artery, but also from the external carotid artery. The transverse facial artery and superficial temporal artery could be damaged during approach and incision in the condylar area. The marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve can be easily damaged during submandibular gland excision or facial rejuvenation treatment. The main trunk of the facial nerve and its upper and lower distinct divisions have been damaged during parotidectomy, rhytidectomy, and open reductions of condylar fractures.
CONCLUSION
By revisiting the information in the present study, surgeons will be able to more accurately prevent procedure-related complications, such as iatrogenic vascular accidents on the mandibular angle and condyle, complete and partial facial palsy, gustatory sweating (Frey syndrome), and traumatic neuroma after parotidectomy.
Topics: Humans; Mandible; Mandibular Condyle
PubMed: 25956586
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-015-1482-z -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022We compared mandibular condyle positions as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a mechanical device, the condylar position indicator (CPI). Both methods...
We compared mandibular condyle positions as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a mechanical device, the condylar position indicator (CPI). Both methods assessed 3 mandibular positions in 10 asymptomatic males and 10 asymptomatic females, aged 23 to 37 years, free from temporomandibular disorders: maximum intercuspation, bimanually manipulated centric relation, and the unguided neuromuscular position. Bite registrations were obtained for bimanual operator guidance and neuromuscular position. 3 T MRI scans of both temporomandibular joints produced 3D data of the most superior condylar points in all 3 mandibular positions. Using mounted plaster casts and the same bite registrations, an electronic CPI displayed 3D data of its condylar spheres in these positions. The results showed interclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.03 to 0.66 (95% confidence intervals from 0 to 0.8) and significantly different condyle positions between both methods (p = 0.0012, p < 0.001). The implications of the study emphasize that condyle position is unpredictable and variable. Its exact knowledge requires radiological imaging and should not rely on CPI assessments.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Centric Relation; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mandibular Condyle; Temporomandibular Joint
PubMed: 36284175
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22745-5 -
Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor... May 2024A fracture of the mandibular condyle is a common fracture of the mandible. After the diagnosis has been made, there are various treatment options: wait and see,... (Review)
Review
A fracture of the mandibular condyle is a common fracture of the mandible. After the diagnosis has been made, there are various treatment options: wait and see, conservative or surgical. Which of these treatment options is best depends on several different factors and is often the subject of debate. A common complication of a fracture of the mandibular condyle is malocclusion. Malocclusion can cause problems - even in the long term - for which the patient often requires secondary treatment.
Topics: Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Mandibular Fractures; Malocclusion
PubMed: 38715533
DOI: 10.5177/ntvt.2024.05.23107 -
Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research Nov 2018
Topics: Dental Occlusion; Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Orthodontics; Publishing; Temporomandibular Joint; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
PubMed: 30351528
DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12246 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery May 2018Despite substantial displacements, fractures of the mandibular condyle rarely lead to necrosis. This illustrates the negligible role of the inferior alveolar artery in...
BACKGROUND
Despite substantial displacements, fractures of the mandibular condyle rarely lead to necrosis. This illustrates the negligible role of the inferior alveolar artery in intraosseous supply to the condyle, and led to this systematization of its arterial vascularization.
METHODS
Forty-two temporomandibular joints from nonembalmed cadaveric specimens were studied following injection of latex (n = 32) or India ink (n = 10).
RESULTS
The intraosseous branches of the inferior alveolar artery that lead to the condyle were inconstant and often rudimentary. In this study, the arteries that consistently led to the condyle were the superficial temporal artery, the deep posterior temporal artery, and arterial branches leading to the lateral pterygoid muscle emanating directly from the maxillary artery. These arteries, along with the transverse facial artery and the masseteric artery (when they participated in condoyle vascularization), formed a quadrangle around the mandibular condyle. After India ink injection, the pterygoid muscle was the most strongly colored muscle, thus indicating substantial vascularization.
CONCLUSIONS
Although there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding the constancy and proportions of the arteries participating in vascularization of the condyle, the superficial temporal artery, the maxillary arterial branches leading to the lateral pterygoid muscle, and the deep posterior temporal artery were constant in this study. This study shows the important role of the lateral pterygoid in the vascularization of the condyle. In case of a fracture with substantial displacement, the vascularization emanating from the superficial temporal artery and the lower alveolar artery is ruptured or compromised.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Cadaver; Facial Muscles; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Mandibular Condyle; Maxillary Artery; Rupture; Temporal Arteries; Temporomandibular Joint
PubMed: 29697622
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000004295