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International Journal of Biological... Nov 2019Carbohydrate-binding proteins, also known as lectins, are valuable tools for biotechnology, including pharmacological uses. Mannose lectins obtained from plant and... (Review)
Review
Carbohydrate-binding proteins, also known as lectins, are valuable tools for biotechnology, including pharmacological uses. Mannose lectins obtained from plant and animal sources are applied to protection and characterization of autoimmune diseases as well as defense proteins against pathogens. The presence of mannose-binding lectins in plants that also recognize glucose could be entitled Man/Glc lectins; such specificity has allowed employing these vegetal lectins for several applications. Animal mannose-binding lectins are synthesized in the liver and secreted into the blood stream where both concentration and activity are greatly affected due to gene polymorphisms; these serum proteins play important roles in the immune system by recognizing mannose-like carbohydrate ligands found exclusively on pathogenic microorganisms. Mannose lectins already showed strong binding to relevant bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminth species, initiating potent host defense mechanisms by inducing growth inhibition or death of such organisms; the ability to prevent the formation or destruction of microbial biofilms has also been reported. Mannose-binding lectins have attracted considerable attention against carcinogenesis and atherogenesis. The aim of this review article is to approach biotechnology characteristics of these lectins from different sources and microorganism/cell surface interactions with mannose; in addition, aspects of mechanisms associated to lectin antipathogenic activities are described.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Binding Sites; Biotechnology; Cell Proliferation; Glycosylation; Lectins; Mannose; Mannose-Binding Lectins; Models, Molecular; Plant Lectins; Plants; Protein Binding
PubMed: 31400430
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.059 -
Chemical Record (New York, N.Y.) Feb 2016Asparagine-linked (N-linked) sugar chains are widely found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which has attracted renewed attention because of its participation in... (Review)
Review
Asparagine-linked (N-linked) sugar chains are widely found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which has attracted renewed attention because of its participation in the glycoprotein quality control process. In the ER, newly formed glycoproteins are properly folded to higher-order structures by the action of a variety of lectin chaperones and processing enzymes and are transported into the Golgi, while terminally misfolded glycoproteins are carried into the cytosol for degradation. A group of proteins related to this system are known to recognize subtle differences in the high-mannose-type oligosaccharide structures of glycoproteins; however, their molecular foundations are still unclear. In order to gain a more precise understanding, our group has established a strategy for the systematic synthesis of high-mannose-type glycans. More recently, we have developed "top-down" chemoenzymatic approaches that allow expeditious access to theoretically all types of high-mannose glycans. This strategy comprehensively delivered 37 high-mannose-type glycans, including G1M9-M3 glycans, and opened up the possibility of the elucidation of structure-function relationships with a series of high-mannose-type glycans.
Topics: Carbohydrate Conformation; Mannose; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 26493153
DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500222 -
Bioanalysis Dec 2018Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are increasingly antibiotic resistant, and alternate or adjunct therapies are urgently needed. Several studies suggest that D-mannose...
AIM
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are increasingly antibiotic resistant, and alternate or adjunct therapies are urgently needed. Several studies suggest that D-mannose ingestion and a hypothesized increase in urinary D-mannose reduce UTI frequency. Our goal was to develop a reliable assay for urinary D-mannose, which is needed to assess the effects of supplemental D-mannose on urinary D-mannose and UTIs.
RESULTS
We developed an enzymatic assay for D-mannose in urine. Hexoses in urine were phosphorylated, sequentially isomerized and oxidized, and the increases in reduced NADPH were measured in a spectrophotometer. Urinary mannose from ten volunteers was well above the detection limit and ranged from 8 to 700 μM.
CONCLUSION
A rapid, reliable, and sensitive assay was developed, readily detected urinary D-mannose, and is adaptable to high-throughput analysis. If urinary D-mannose is shown to correlate with susceptibility to UTIs, then the assay could assess susceptibility to UTIs and direct mannose therapy.
Topics: Enzyme Assays; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Hexokinase; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Humans; Mannose; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 30412675
DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0121 -
Drugs Mar 2020Sodium oligomannate (; GV-971) is a marine algae-derived oral oligosaccharide being developed by Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of Alzheimer's... (Review)
Review
Sodium oligomannate (; GV-971) is a marine algae-derived oral oligosaccharide being developed by Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sodium oligomannate received its first approval in November 2019 in China for the treatment of mild to moderate AD to improve cognitive function. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of sodium oligomannate leading to this first approval for AD.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; China; Drug Approval; Humans; Mannose; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 32020555
DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01268-1 -
International Immunopharmacology May 2023Psoriasis is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory skin disease with an unclear pathogenesis that is difficult to cure, causing serious physical and mental burdens for...
Psoriasis is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory skin disease with an unclear pathogenesis that is difficult to cure, causing serious physical and mental burdens for patients. Previous research showed that a mutually reinforcing vicious cycle caused by keratinocytes (KC) and a variety of immune cells plays an important role in psoriatic inflammation. d-Mannose, a widely distributed metabolite in the body, has been found to treat several metabolic diseases, but its impact on psoriasis remains unknown. Our study aims to investigate the effects of d-mannose on psoriasis and its specific mechanism. Here, we found that d-mannose alleviates psoriasis in mice both as oral and topical agents. Specifically, d-mannose down-regulated the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1A(HIF-1α) and inhibited the expression of chemokine CCL20 in keratinocytes, thereby inhibiting the local infiltration of Th17 cells and breaking the cycle of keratinocytes-Th17 cells. Overall, our study indicates that d-mannose alleviates cutaneous inflammation in psoriasis by inhibiting the HIF-1α/CCL20/Th17 cells axis, and d-mannose has the potential to be used as an oral and topical agent in the treatment of psoriasis.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Mannose; Chemokine CCL20; Th17 Cells; Keratinocytes; Psoriasis; Inflammation
PubMed: 37001381
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110087 -
Molecular Aspects of Medicine Oct 2016Proteins are frequently modified by complex carbohydrates (glycans) that play central roles in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of cells and tissues... (Review)
Review
Proteins are frequently modified by complex carbohydrates (glycans) that play central roles in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of cells and tissues in humans and lower organisms. Mannose forms an essential building block of protein glycosylation, and its functional involvement as components of larger and diverse α-mannosidic glycoepitopes in important intra- and intercellular glycoimmunological processes is gaining recognition. With a focus on the mannose-rich asparagine (N-linked) glycosylation type, this review summarises the increasing volume of literature covering human and non-human protein mannosylation, including their structures, biosynthesis and spatiotemporal expression. The review also covers their known interactions with specialised host and microbial mannose-recognising C-type lectin receptors (mrCLRs) and antibodies (mrAbs) during inflammation and pathogen infection. Advances in molecular mapping technologies have recently revealed novel immuno-centric mannose-terminating truncated N-glycans, termed paucimannosylation, on human proteins. The cellular presentation of α-mannosidic glycoepitopes on N-glycoproteins appears tightly regulated; α-mannose determinants are relative rare glycoepitopes in physiological extracellular environments, but may be actively secreted or leaked from cells to transmit potent signals when required. Simultaneously, our understanding of the molecular basis on the recognition of mannosidic epitopes by mrCLRs including DC-SIGN, mannose receptor, mannose binding lectin and mrAb is rapidly advancing, together with the functional implications of these interactions in facilitating an effective immune response during physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Ultimately, deciphering these complex mannose-based receptor-ligand interactions at the detailed molecular level will significantly advance our understanding of immunological disorders and infectious diseases, promoting the development of future therapeutics to improve patient clinical outcomes.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Carbohydrate Sequence; Glycoproteins; Glycosylation; Humans; Immune System Diseases; Inflammation; Lectins, C-Type; Mannose; Models, Immunological; Models, Molecular; Mycoses; Neoplasms
PubMed: 27086127
DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.004 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Apr 2021
Topics: Cystitis; Humans; Mannose
PubMed: 33904100
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-021-9860-4 -
International Journal of Biological... Feb 2023Galactomannans are reserve carbohydrates in legume plants and are primarily extracted from their seeds. They contain galactose side chains throughout the mannose... (Review)
Review
Galactomannans are reserve carbohydrates in legume plants and are primarily extracted from their seeds. They contain galactose side chains throughout the mannose backbone and have unique features such as emulsifying, thickening, and gelling together with biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, which make them an appealing material. Guar gum and locust bean gum mainly are used in all galactomannan needed applications. Nonetheless, tara gum and fenugreek gum have also attracted considerable attention in recent decades. Despite the increased usage of galactomannans in the textile-related fields in recent years, there is no review article published yet. To fill this gap and to demonstrate the striking and increasing importance of galactomannans, a concise summary of the properties of common galactomannans and their comparisons is given first, followed by an account of recent developments and applications of galactomannans in the textile-related fields. The associated potential opportunities are also provided at the end of this review.
Topics: Plant Gums; Galactans; Mannans; Galactose; Mannose; Seeds; Textiles
PubMed: 36464192
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.276 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B Aug 2017Glucose and mannose have a different degree of sweetness, implying different affinity to the sweet taste receptor. While the receptor structure is still undefined, there...
Glucose and mannose have a different degree of sweetness, implying different affinity to the sweet taste receptor. While the receptor structure is still undefined, there are several geometrical models for their binding mechanism. A detailed study of the hydration structure of sugars with known degree of sweetness is bound to provide information on the accuracy of such models. Our neutron diffraction study on the hydration of glucose and mannose show that both α- and β-glucose form strong hydrogen bonds with water, and that the steric hindrance of their first hydration shell matches the receptor geometrical model. The α-anomer of mannose has a similar, well-defined first hydration shell, but with fewer and weaker hydrogen bonds compared to glucose. Conversely, the hydration shell of β-mannose (reported as bitter) does not match the receptor geometrical model. These findings suggest a link between the hydration shell of sugars and their degree of sweetness.
Topics: Glucose; Hydrogen Bonding; Mannose; Molecular Conformation; Sweetening Agents; Taste; Water
PubMed: 28763216
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03919 -
JAMA Internal Medicine Jun 2024Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common debilitating condition in women, with limited prophylactic options. d-Mannose has shown promise in trials based in... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
IMPORTANCE
Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common debilitating condition in women, with limited prophylactic options. d-Mannose has shown promise in trials based in secondary care, but effectiveness in placebo-controlled studies and community settings has not been established.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether d-mannose taken for 6 months reduces the proportion of women with recurrent UTI experiencing a medically attended UTI.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This 2-group, double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial took place across 99 primary care centers in the UK. Participants were recruited between March 28, 2019, and January 31, 2020, with 6 months of follow-up. Participants were female, 18 years or older, living in the community, and had evidence in their primary care record of consultations for at least 2 UTIs in the preceding 6 months or 3 UTIs in 12 months. Invitation to participate was made by their primary care center. A total of 7591 participants were approached, 830 responded, and 232 were ineligible or did not proceed to randomization. Statistical analysis was reported in December 2022.
INTERVENTION
Two grams daily of d-mannose powder or matched volume of placebo powder.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcome measure was the proportion of women experiencing at least 1 further episode of clinically suspected UTI for which they contacted ambulatory care within 6 months of study entry. Secondary outcomes included symptom duration, antibiotic use, time to next medically attended UTI, number of suspected UTIs, and UTI-related hospital admissions.
RESULTS
Of 598 women eligible (mean [range] age, 58 [18-93] years), 303 were randomized to d-mannose (50.7%) and 295 to placebo (49.3%). Primary outcome data were available for 583 participants (97.5%). The proportion contacting ambulatory care with a clinically suspected UTI was 150 of 294 (51.0%) in the d-mannose group and 161 of 289 (55.7%) in the placebo group (risk difference, -5%; 95% CI, -13% to 3%; P = .26). Estimates were similar in per protocol analyses, imputation analyses, and preplanned subgroups. There were no statistically significant differences in any secondary outcome measures.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this randomized clinical trial, daily d-mannose did not reduce the proportion of women with recurrent UTI in primary care who experienced a subsequent clinically suspected UTI. d-Mannose should not be recommended for prophylaxis in this patient group.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN13283516.
Topics: Humans; Urinary Tract Infections; Female; Mannose; Double-Blind Method; Middle Aged; Adult; Recurrence; Aged
PubMed: 38587819
DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.0264