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Polymers May 2023Polymers have a reputation for several advantageous characteristics like chemical resistance, weight reduction, and simple form-giving processes. The rise of additive...
Polymers have a reputation for several advantageous characteristics like chemical resistance, weight reduction, and simple form-giving processes. The rise of additive manufacturing technologies such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) has introduced an even more versatile production process that supported new product design and material concepts. This led to new investigations and innovations driven by the individualization of customized products. The other side of the coin contains an increasing resource and energy consumption satisfying the growing demand for polymer products. This turns into a magnitude of waste accumulation and increased resource consumption. Therefore, appropriate product and material design, taking into account end-of-life scenarios, is essential to limit or even close the loop of economically driven product systems. In this paper, a comparison of virgin and recycled biodegradable (polylactic acid (PLA)) and petroleum-based (polypropylene (PP) & support) filaments for extrusion-based Additive Manufacturing is presented. For the first time, the thermo-mechanical recycling setup contained a service-life simulation, shredding, and extrusion. Specimens and complex geometries with support materials were manufactured with both, virgin and recycled materials. An empirical assessment was executed through mechanical (ISO 527), rheological (ISO 1133), morphological, and dimensional testing. Furthermore, the surface properties of the PLA and PP printed parts were analyzed. In summary, PP parts and parts from its support structure showed, in consideration of all parameters, suitable recyclability with a marginal parameter variance in comparison to the virgin material. The PLA components showed an acceptable decline in the mechanical values but through thermo-mechanical degradation processes, rheological and dimensional properties of the filament dropped decently. This results in significantly identifiable artifacts of the product optics, based on an increase in surface roughness.
PubMed: 37242864
DOI: 10.3390/polym15102291 -
Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Jan 2021In the race for a safe and effective vaccine against Coronavirus disease-19 manufacturer plays a critical role throughout the development, clinical trial, manufacturing,...
In the race for a safe and effective vaccine against Coronavirus disease-19 manufacturer plays a critical role throughout the development, clinical trial, manufacturing, supply, and vaccination phases. For the efficacy of Coronavirus disease-19 vaccine, proper transport, storage, vaccine carrier, adjuvant, dosage form and route of vaccine administration plays a crucial role for immune response. In the context of no more people were willing to pay for a Coronavirus disease-19 vaccine the logistics of manufacturing, storing and distributing the vaccine, and mass vaccination are essential. It is urgent to improve health promotion and reduce the barriers to Coronavirus disease-19 vaccination. Keywords: COVID-19; vaccine development; vaccination.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Development; Drug Industry; Humans; Mass Vaccination; Nepal; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33510536
DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v18i4.3351 -
Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2022Traditional manufacturing system inspections are primarily conducted through microtools. Nowadays, the size of consciously manufactured parts that is getting smaller and...
Traditional manufacturing system inspections are primarily conducted through microtools. Nowadays, the size of consciously manufactured parts that is getting smaller and smaller, wherein unwritten methods are subject to subjectivity, often resulting in reckless deviations. It is necessary to develop a highly efficient and correct discovery technique. Given the leaned flexibility of traditional manufacturability analysis methods based on cognitive notoriety and empire foundation, the reality that existing manufacturability analysis methods based on full scientific support cannot give a specific purpose for capability manufacturability. A deep cognition support framework grants the manufacturability analysis example. Manufacturing separative methods are presented as imitate. First, a large enumeration of 3D CAD plan with specific manufacturability are made by digital modeling technology, wherein the tier genealogy is realized to cause the data adjustments required for thorough academics. Then, concavity-oriented designs are established on the PointNet entangle form manufacturability. Dense learned grids were analyzed, and network parameter tuning and management were done; then comparisons with voxel-representation-enabled three-dimensional convolutional neural networks (3D-CNN) and existing methods revealed detailed literature for fabricating networks with better robustness and lower algorithm cycle complexity; finally, the actual completion of the network is verified through the example section, and the manufacturability of the cave shape is analyzed to identify the unmanufacturable overall form and explain its considerations. The experimental results have shown that the rule can determine the specific reasons for the unmanufacturable shape under the condition of ensuring the complete notification accuracy ratio, and has a great reproducibility value.
PubMed: 36157122
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5627959 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Jul 2022Bioactive compounds (bioactives) derived from plants and animals, are effective in increasing the safety and health of society through the treatment and prevention of... (Review)
Review
Bioactive compounds (bioactives) derived from plants and animals, are effective in increasing the safety and health of society through the treatment and prevention of diseases such as cancer. Fortifying conventional foods with bioactives is an accepted strategy by scientists, food manufacturers, and consumers. Milk and dairy products are among the most important foods used in our daily diet and can be a suitable option to deliver bioactives to the body, but there are challenges towards using these compounds in their original unprotected/free form. They can be degraded before reaching the target location in the body and interact with milk compounds, resulting in a negative impact on the quality characteristics of the corresponding foods. Thus, a suitable encapsulation technique can help to protect these sensitive compounds from environmental stresses and the process they encounter during the manufacture of food. This also prevents adverse interactions of bioactives with compounds in milk. This article aimed to review the recent literature about the addition of encapsulated bioactives such as vitamins, essential fatty acids, phenolic compounds, minerals, and enzymes into milk and dairy products, with a focus on common applied bioactives, methods of encapsulation, the interaction of bioactives with milk components, and the challenges facing the use of this technology in the dairy industry.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Milk; Vitamins
PubMed: 35761536
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111212 -
The Patient Apr 2017Although some symptoms of dermatologic diseases, such as pruritus and pain, can be subjectively assessed only by patients, the most commonly used endpoints in... (Review)
Review
Although some symptoms of dermatologic diseases, such as pruritus and pain, can be subjectively assessed only by patients, the most commonly used endpoints in dermatology drug research traditionally have been clinician-reported outcomes. Research has found that patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were included in only one-quarter of 125 trials conducted between 1994 and 2001. Our objective was to characterize the impact of PROs in dermatology drug development from the patient, prescriber, regulator, payer, and manufacturer perspectives using a case study approach. We conducted a structured literature review for pivotal clinical trials using PROs for six dermatologic products (MAS063DP, onabotulinumtoxinA, calcipotriene hydrate plus betamethasone dipropionate, pimecrolimus, tacrolimus, and ustekinumab). We also searched regulatory websites to identify product labeling and the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence website to identify submissions for the products of interest. A total of 32 articles illustrating the various perspectives were selected for inclusion. Clinical trials that include PROs allow patients to differentiate among treatments based on the experience of other patients participating in trials and enable prescribers to understand the benefit-risk profile of new treatments. The inclusion of PROs enables regulators to evaluate product benefits with a patient-centered perspective; five of the products of interest obtained eight total product labeling statements. PRO data supported manufacturers' dissemination of product benefits in the form of publications and PRO labeling for the product. For payers, PRO data were used in an analysis of cost effectiveness of new treatments. Inclusion of PROs in dermatology drug development programs benefits patients, prescribers, regulators, manufacturers, and payers.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Betamethasone; Calcitriol; Dermatologic Agents; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Reported Outcome Measures; Patient Satisfaction; Quality of Life; Self Report; Skin Diseases; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 27637487
DOI: 10.1007/s40271-016-0196-6 -
Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews Jun 2020Reconstructive surgery aims to restore tissue defects by replacing them with similar autologous tissue to achieve good clinical outcomes. However, often the defect is... (Review)
Review
Reconstructive surgery aims to restore tissue defects by replacing them with similar autologous tissue to achieve good clinical outcomes. However, often the defect is too large or the tissue available is limited, requiring synthetic materials to restore the anatomical shape and partial function. The utilization of three-dimensional (3D) printing allows for the manufacture of implants with complex geometries and internal architecture that more closely matches the required clinical needs. Synthetic polymers offer certain advantages over natural polymers as biomedical materials due to their ability to more closely mimic the mechanical and chemical properties of the native tissue. Synthetic polymer materials such as poly(lactic acid) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene are easily 3D printed to generate 3D objects due to their flexibility in their chemical and mechanical properties and physical form. Polyurethanes (PUs) are widely used as short- and long-term, implantable medical devices due to their good mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility. This article provides an overview on the advancement of 3D printable PU-based materials for biomedical applications. A summary of the chemical structure and synthesis of PUs is provided to explain how PUs may be processed into medical devices using additive manufacturing techniques. Currently, PUs are being explored by several 3D printing approaches, including fused filament fabrication, bioplotting, and stereolithography, to fabricate complex implants with precise patterns and shapes with fine resolution. PU scaffolds using 3D printing have shown good cell viability and tissue integration . The important limitations of PU printing are identified to stimulate future research. PUs offer a biocompatible, synthetic polymeric material that can be 3D printed to manufacture implants that are tailored to meet specific anatomical, mechanical, and biological requirements for biomedical applications.
Topics: Animals; Biomedical Technology; Body Fluids; Humans; Polyurethanes; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Temperature
PubMed: 32089089
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2019.0224 -
Materials Today. Bio Jun 2020The holy grail of orthopedic implant design is to ward off both aseptic and septic loosening for long enough that the implant outlives the patient. Questing this holy...
The holy grail of orthopedic implant design is to ward off both aseptic and septic loosening for long enough that the implant outlives the patient. Questing this holy grail is feasible only if orthopedic biomaterials possess a long list of functionalities that enable them to discharge the onerous task of permanently replacing the native bone tissue. Here, we present a rationally designed and additive manufacturing (AM) topologically ordered porous metallic biomaterial that is made from Ti-6Al-4V using selective laser melting and packs most (if not all) of the required functionalities into a single implant. In addition to presenting a fully interconnected porous structure and form-freedom that enables realization of patient-specific implants, the biomaterials developed here were biofunctionalized using plasma electrolytic oxidation to locally release both osteogenic (i.e. strontium) and antibacterial (i.e. silver ions) agents. The same single-step biofunctionalization process also incorporated hydroxyapatite into the surface of the implants. Our measurements verified the continued release of both types of active agents up to 28 days. Assessment of the antibacterial activity and in an murine model demonstrated extraordinarily high levels of bactericidal effects against a highly virulent and multidrug-resistant strain (i.e. USA300) with total eradication of both planktonic and adherent bacteria. This strong antibacterial behavior was combined with a significantly enhanced osteogenic behavior, as evidenced by significantly higher levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity compared with non-biofunctionalized implants. Finally, we discovered synergistic antibacterial behavior between strontium and silver ions, meaning that 4-32 folds lower concentrations of silver ions were required to achieve growth inhibition and total killing of bacteria. The functionality-packed biomaterial presented here demonstrates a unique combination of functionalities that make it an advanced prototype of future orthopedic biomaterials where implants will outlive patients.
PubMed: 32577614
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100060 -
Advances in Colloid and Interface... Oct 2022Living bodies are made of numerous bio-sensors and actuators for perceiving external stimuli and making movement. Hydrogels have been considered as ideal candidates for... (Review)
Review
Living bodies are made of numerous bio-sensors and actuators for perceiving external stimuli and making movement. Hydrogels have been considered as ideal candidates for manufacturing bio-sensors and actuators because of their excellent biocompatibility, similar mechanical and electrical properties to that of living organs. The key point of manufacturing hydrogel sensors/actuators is that the materials should not only possess excellent mechanical and electrical properties but also form effective interfacial connections with various substrates. Traditional hydrogel normally shows high electrical resistance (~ MΩ•cm) with limited mechanical strength (<1 MPa), and it is prone to fatigue fracture during continuous loading-unloading cycles. Just like iron should be toughened and hardened into steel, manufacturing and post-treatment processes are necessary for modifying hydrogels. Besides, advanced design and manufacturing strategies can build effective interfaces between sensors/actuators and other substrates, thus enhancing the desired mechanical and electrical performances. Although various literatures have reviewed the manufacture or modification of hydrogels, the summary regarding the post-treatment strategies and the creation of effective electrical and mechanically sustainable interfaces are still lacking. This paper aims at providing an overview of the following topics: (i) the manufacturing and post-engineering treatment of hydrogel sensors and actuators; (ii) the processes of creating sensor(actuator)-substrate interfaces; (iii) the development and innovation of hydrogel manufacturing and interface creation. In the first section, the manufacturing processes and the principles for post-engineering treatments are discussed, and some typical examples are also presented. In the second section, the studies of interfaces between hydrogels and various substrates are reviewed. Lastly, we summarize the current manufacturing processes of hydrogels, and provide potential perspectives for hydrogel manufacturing and post-treatment methods.
Topics: Electricity; Hydrogels; Iron; Steel
PubMed: 36007285
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102749 -
The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jun 2015This review seeks to offer a broad perspective that encompasses an understanding of the drug product attributes affected by active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)... (Review)
Review
This review seeks to offer a broad perspective that encompasses an understanding of the drug product attributes affected by active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) physical properties, their link to solid form selection and the role of particle engineering. While the crucial role of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) solid form selection is universally acknowledged in the pharmaceutical industry, the value of increasing effort to understanding the link between solid form, API physical properties and drug product formulation and manufacture is now also being recognised. A truly holistic strategy for drug product development should focus on connecting solid form selection, particle engineering and formulation design to both exploit opportunities to access simpler manufacturing operations and prevent failures. Modelling and predictive tools that assist in establishing these links early in product development are discussed. In addition, the potential for differences between the ingoing API physical properties and those in the final product caused by drug product processing is considered. The focus of this review is on oral solid dosage forms and dry powder inhaler products for lung delivery.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Crystallization; Dosage Forms; Drug Design; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Technology, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 25677227
DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12375 -
AAPS PharmSciTech Oct 2022Computational modeling, machine learning, and statistical data analysis are increasingly utilized to mitigate chemistry, manufacturing, and control failures related to... (Review)
Review
Computational modeling, machine learning, and statistical data analysis are increasingly utilized to mitigate chemistry, manufacturing, and control failures related to particle properties in solid dosage form manufacture. Advances in particle characterization techniques and computational approaches provide unprecedented opportunities to explore relationships between particle morphology and drug product manufacturability. Achieving this, however, has numerous challenges such as producing and appropriately curating robust particle size and shape data. Addressing these challenges requires a harmonized strategy from material sampling practices, characterization technique selection, and data curation to provide data sets which are informative on material properties. Herein, common sources of error in particle characterization and data compression are reviewed, and a proposal for providing robust particle morphology (size and shape) data to support modeling efforts, approaches for data curation, and the outlook for modeling particle properties are discussed.
Topics: Powders; Data Curation; Drug Industry; Particle Size; Computer Simulation
PubMed: 36261755
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02434-2