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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2020Breastfeeding is immunoprotective and World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for about six months with continuation of breastfeeding for one year... (Review)
Review
Breastfeeding is immunoprotective and World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for about six months with continuation of breastfeeding for one year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant. But the target for duration of exclusive breastfeeding has not been reached in a significant number of women. It may be due to inflammatory breast disease such as milk stasis or lactational mastitis.In this chapter we discuss the most common complications of breastfeeding including milk stasis, mastitis, and breast abscess. Also idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, a less common condition, is discussed due to its confusing characteristics and not universally-accepted treatment strategies .Breastfeeding mastitis is inflammation of the breast that can be infectious or non-infectious. With proper diagnosis and treatment of this condition, more severe complications like breast abscess could be avoided, so that breastfeeding could be continued in some circumstances.
Topics: Abscess; Breast Feeding; Empyema, Pleural; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Lactation; Mastitis
PubMed: 32816262
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41596-9_7 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Nov 2019Mastitis is defined as an inflammation of the breast and may or may not be accompanied by infection. It usually affects fertile women but can be seen at all ages and... (Review)
Review
Mastitis is defined as an inflammation of the breast and may or may not be accompanied by infection. It usually affects fertile women but can be seen at all ages and even in males. Mastitis is commonly divided into two groups: lactational mastitis which occurs in breastfeeding women, and non-lactational mastitis. A timely diagnosis and correct management is essential to avoid complications. In this review, we assess different types of inflammations of the breast and elucidate important differential diagnoses, such as inflammatory breast cancer.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Lactation; Mastitis
PubMed: 31791447
DOI: No ID Found -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Sep 2022Inflammatory disorders of the breast are common benign breast conditions. Lactational mastitis occurs in breastfeeding women and may be associated with breast abscess in... (Review)
Review
Inflammatory disorders of the breast are common benign breast conditions. Lactational mastitis occurs in breastfeeding women and may be associated with breast abscess in severe cases. Non-lactational inflammatory disorders are less common and include idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, periductal mastitis, and tuberculous mastitis. While these disorders have some similarities in their presentation, each disorder requires a specific treatment regimen for resolution, and correct diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. In this chapter, we will review the presentation, diagnosis, and management of each of these distinct clinical entities.
Topics: Breast; Breast Feeding; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 34991976
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.11.013 -
Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria Dec 2016Mastitis is one of the main causes of avoidable cessation of breastfeeding which increases morbidity in childhood, however, there is no uniformity in diagnostic and... (Review)
Review
Mastitis is one of the main causes of avoidable cessation of breastfeeding which increases morbidity in childhood, however, there is no uniformity in diagnostic and therapeutic criteria. The diagnosis of acute mastitis is mainly clinical. Only in certain cases, a milk culture is indicated. Regarding treatment of mastitis, it is fundamental to empty the breast, so breastfeeding should continue. It is recommended to start antibiotic therapy if symptoms persist or if there is considerable clinical impact. There is insufficient evidence of the importance of other types of mastitis (subclinical and subacute). There is also a lack of evidence that these types of mastitis are responsible for breast pain or for low infant weight gain. Furthermore, there is not enough evidence regarding the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of mastitis.
Topics: Acute Disease; Female; Humans; Mastitis
PubMed: 27869418
DOI: 10.5546/aap.2016.576 -
Military Medical Research Apr 2022Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line...
Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare and chronic benign inflammatory disease of the breast. Difficulties exist in the management of GLM for many front-line surgeons and medical specialists who care for patients with inflammatory disorders of the breast. This consensus is summarized to establish evidence-based recommendations for the management of GLM. Literature was reviewed using PubMed from January 1, 1971 to July 31, 2020. Sixty-six international experienced multidisciplinary experts from 11 countries or regions were invited to review the evidence. Levels of evidence were determined using the American College of Physicians grading system, and recommendations were discussed until consensus. Experts discussed and concluded 30 recommendations on historical definitions, etiology and predisposing factors, diagnosis criteria, treatment, clinical stages, relapse and recurrence of GLM. GLM was recommended as a widely accepted definition. In addition, this consensus introduced a new clinical stages and management algorithm for GLM to provide individual treatment strategies. In conclusion, diagnosis of GLM depends on a combination of history, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, laboratory examinations and pathology. The approach to treatment of GLM should be applied according to the different clinical stage of GLM. This evidence-based consensus would be valuable to assist front-line surgeons and medical specialists in the optimal management of GLM.
Topics: Breast; Consensus; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Recurrence
PubMed: 35473758
DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00380-5 -
The Surgical Clinics of North America Dec 2022Peripheral nonlactational abscesses behave like other soft tissue abscesses and resolve with drainage and antibiotics. Subareolar abscesses tend to recur or develop... (Review)
Review
Peripheral nonlactational abscesses behave like other soft tissue abscesses and resolve with drainage and antibiotics. Subareolar abscesses tend to recur or develop fistulae between obstructed ducts and the border of the areola and are usually seen in women in their thirties who have a history of smoking or a congenitally cleft nipple. The underlying cause of subareolar abscesses and fistulae is the obstruction of terminal ducts due to keratin plugging caused by squamous metaplasia of the ducts. Successful resolution of the problem requires excision of the terminal ducts in and just below the nipple along with the correction of nipple deformity, if present.
Topics: Female; Humans; Abscess; Mastitis; Breast Diseases; Nipples; Fistula
PubMed: 36335928
DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2022.06.007 -
British Journal of Hospital Medicine... May 2021Granulomatous mastitis is a rare inflammatory condition of the breast affecting women of child-bearing age. The disease is characterised by chronic and relapsing... (Review)
Review
Granulomatous mastitis is a rare inflammatory condition of the breast affecting women of child-bearing age. The disease is characterised by chronic and relapsing inflammation, resulting in scarring and discharging sinuses. Granulomatous mastitis is considered to be idiopathic and the pathogenesis is poorly understood. An amplified immune response has been proposed as a likely cause and there is evidence linking to some cases of granulomatous mastitis. The presentation is similar to bacterial mastitis or abscess and antibiotics are commonly commenced empirically. The cornerstone of diagnosis is histopathological evaluation on core biopsy; an index of suspicion based on demographic assessment can avoid delays in diagnosis. Management is difficult and there is no consensus on best treatment. Various treatment regimens are described, with high relapse rates relating to the nature of the condition. Watchful waiting is appropriate for mild presentations and steroids are the mainstay of treatment for more severe cases. This article reviews the emerging evidence on granulomatous mastitis and describes an updated approach to management.
Topics: Abscess; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Recurrence
PubMed: 34076525
DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2020.0718 -
Medical Microbiology and Immunology Apr 2018Mastitis, which is generally described as an inflammation of breast tissue, is a common and debilitating disease which frequently results in the cessation of exclusive... (Review)
Review
Mastitis, which is generally described as an inflammation of breast tissue, is a common and debilitating disease which frequently results in the cessation of exclusive breastfeeding and affects up to 33% of lactating women. The condition is a primary cause of decreased milk production and results in organoleptic and nutritional alterations in milk quality. Recent studies employing culture-independent techniques, including metagenomic sequencing, have revealed a loss of bacterial diversity in the microbiome of mastitic milk samples compared to healthy milk samples. In those infected, the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and members of corynebacteria have been identified as the predominant etiological agents in acute, subacute and granulomatous mastitis, respectively. The increased incidence of antibiotic resistance in the causative species is also a key cause of concern for treatment of the disease, thus leading to the need to develop novel therapies. In this respect, probiotics and bacteriocins have revealed potential as alternative treatments.
Topics: Actinomycetales; Actinomycetales Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Therapy; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis
PubMed: 29350290
DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0532-z -
Toxins Aug 2020constitutes a major food-borne pathogen, as well as one of the main causative agents of mastitis in dairy ruminants. This pathogen can produce a variety of... (Review)
Review
constitutes a major food-borne pathogen, as well as one of the main causative agents of mastitis in dairy ruminants. This pathogen can produce a variety of extracellular toxins; these include the shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), exfoliative toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), hemolysins, and leukocidins. expresses many virulence proteins, involved in evading the host defenses, hence facilitating microbial colonization of the mammary glands of the animals. In addition, exotoxins play a role in the development of both skin infections and mastitis. Indeed, if these toxins remain in dairy products for human consumption, they can cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. As a result, there is a need for procedures to identify the presence of exotoxins in human food, and the methods used must be fast, sensitive, reliable, and accurate. It is also essential to determine the best medical therapy for human patients suffering from infections, as well as establishing the relevant veterinary treatment for infected ruminants, to avoid economic losses in the dairy industry. This review summarizes the role of toxins in the development of mastitis in ruminants, their negative effects in the food and dairy industries, and the different methods used for the identification of these toxins in food destined for human consumption.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dairying; Exotoxins; Female; Goats; Humans; Mastitis; Sheep; Staphylococcal Food Poisoning; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 32825515
DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090537 -
Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official... May 2022A central goal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine is the development of clinical protocols for managing common medical problems that may impact breastfeeding...
A central goal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine is the development of clinical protocols for managing common medical problems that may impact breastfeeding success. These protocols serve only as guidelines for the care of breastfeeding mothers and infants and do not delineate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as standards of medical care. Variations in treatment may be appropriate according to the needs of an individual patient. The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine recognizes that not all lactating individuals identify as women. Using gender-inclusive language, however, is not possible in all languages and all countries and for all readers. The position of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.29188.abm) is to interpret clinical protocols within the framework of inclusivity of all breastfeeding, chestfeeding, and human milk-feeding individuals.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Clinical Protocols; Female; Humans; Infant; Lactation; Mastitis; Milk, Human
PubMed: 35576513
DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2022.29207.kbm