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The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis Jan 2019Tuberculosis (TB) of breast is an uncommon entity even in endemic regions. Moreover, it is seldom reported. It often presents in young lactating females as a painless... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis (TB) of breast is an uncommon entity even in endemic regions. Moreover, it is seldom reported. It often presents in young lactating females as a painless breast lump and confused with breast malignancy or pyogenic abscess. A high index of suspicion is required. Fine needle aspiration cytology is important to direct the patient to further tests pertaining to TB. New diagnostic modalities based on detection of nucleic acids have improved the accuracy and cut down the time to diagnosis. Anti-tubercular chemotherapy remains the standard of care. Surgical intervention is seldom required. The fact that the disease being rare, having symptom overlap with commonly prevalent breast malignancy and potentially curable, it becomes important to analyze the presentation, available investigative modalities for early goal directed treatment.
Topics: Abscess; Age Distribution; Antitubercular Agents; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Breast Feeding; Breast Neoplasms; Culture Techniques; DNA, Bacterial; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Interferon-gamma Release Tests; Lactation; Mammography; Mastitis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Risk Factors; Stress, Physiological; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis; Ultrasonography, Mammary
PubMed: 30797285
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2018.07.003 -
Radiologic Technology Jan 2018Breast inflammation can signal an array of breast conditions, from difficulties with breastfeeding to a rare and aggressive type of breast cancer. In some cases, these... (Review)
Review
Breast inflammation can signal an array of breast conditions, from difficulties with breastfeeding to a rare and aggressive type of breast cancer. In some cases, these diseases resemble each other clinically and on imaging examinations. This article explains the inflammatory process and discusses a variety of localized benign inflammatory breast diseases, including lactational and nonlactational mastitis, ductal ectasia, idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, fat necrosis, and diabetic mastopathy. Inflammatory breast cancer also is presented, with an emphasis on its signs and symptoms, diagnosis, staging, multimodality treatment, and prognosis.
Topics: Breast; Breast Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Mastitis; Prognosis
PubMed: 29298955
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Tropica Jul 2022Camel is a multipurpose animal bred to produce milk, meat, and transport and serves as a financial reserve for pastoralists by playing an important role in social... (Review)
Review
Camel is a multipurpose animal bred to produce milk, meat, and transport and serves as a financial reserve for pastoralists by playing an important role in social prestige and prosperity. Camel milk is a good substitute for human milk because of its exceptional nutritional properties. Udder infections are considered one of the main limitations to camel farming. In recent decades, the disease has been reported by numerous camel-producing countries in Africa and Asia, such as Egypt, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. The current review provides an overview of the forms of camel mastitis, which can be clinical mastitis characterized by hardening and swelling of the breast, pain on palpation, and visible changes in the colour and texture of the milk or subclinical mastitis refers to the presence of inflammation with no obvious signs and it can be detected by indirect tests such as the California mastitis test (CMT), somatic cell count (SCC), and microbiological examination. Major pathogens of camel mastitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Corynebacterium bovis. Regarding the risk factors for camel mastitis, this study provides an overview of the most important risk factors such as severe tick infestation, teat injuries, hygienic milking protocols, and physiological disorders causing mastitis. The use of indirect tests and bacteriological studies as diagnostic tools and their values for detecting camel mastitis will also be reviewed. Based on the above, further epidemiological studies on camel mastitis are needed to have solid scientific data on disease transmission, pathogen characterization, other possible risk factors or diagnostic methods, and the impact of the disease on public health. Proper control strategies should be adopted through early diagnosis, treatment and by avoiding potential risk factors to get good quality milk from camels.
Topics: Animals; Camelus; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Kenya; Mastitis; Milk; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35421382
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106415 -
The Journal of the American Osteopathic... Dec 2017Breast masses and nipple discharge are common symptoms that lead women to seek medical care. Many of the findings on subsequent examination are benign. When evaluating a... (Review)
Review
Breast masses and nipple discharge are common symptoms that lead women to seek medical care. Many of the findings on subsequent examination are benign. When evaluating a patient who presents with breast masses or nipple discharge, it is useful to take a holistic approach to evaluating the patient, including a detailed history, structural and directed physical examination, and, if indicated, laboratory studies, diagnostic imaging, and biopsy. The goal of this review is to assist physicians in understanding the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of benign breast conditions.
Topics: Breast; Breast Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Nipple Discharge
PubMed: 29181518
DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2017.147 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Jun 2024A young woman experienced pain and swelling in a non-lactating breast. The culture test result showed an unusual microbe, which is increasingly prevalent in Norway and...
A young woman experienced pain and swelling in a non-lactating breast. The culture test result showed an unusual microbe, which is increasingly prevalent in Norway and internationally.
Topics: Humans; Female; Gonorrhea; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mastitis; Adult; Young Adult
PubMed: 38832624
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0768 -
Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen... 2017Breast inflammation, i.e. mastitis is an entity with a variable etiology and severity, typically affecting women of fertile age. In most cases, anamnesis reveals the... (Review)
Review
Breast inflammation, i.e. mastitis is an entity with a variable etiology and severity, typically affecting women of fertile age. In most cases, anamnesis reveals the etiology of the disease, bacterial puerperal mastitis associated with breastfeeding being the most common. Periductal mastitis is a breast inflammation typically associated with smoking in women of 40 to 50 years of age, localized to the region of the areola. Granulomatous mastitis and other rare breast inflammations usually require specialized care. Regardless of etiology, treatment of acute inflammation depends on the clinical picture and, with the exception of puerperal mastitis, emergency ultrasound imaging is often necessary in order to detect an abscess and drain it. In all cases of mastitis, the possibility of underlying malignancy as well as inflammatory breast cancer should be kept in mind. If specialized care is required, breast inflammation is treated in a breast, general or plastic surgery unit.
Topics: Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Ultrasonography, Mammary
PubMed: 29240317
DOI: No ID Found -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Dec 2018Postpartum uterine infections such as metritis, endometritis and mastitis have been considered as underlying causes for ovarian dysfunction in mammals. Almost all... (Review)
Review
Postpartum uterine infections such as metritis, endometritis and mastitis have been considered as underlying causes for ovarian dysfunction in mammals. Almost all mammals, particularly dairy animals are susceptible to postpartum uterine infections, resulting in impaired fertility and economic loss. One of the factors for low fertility in females is ovarian dysfunction, which is exhibited as impaired growth and function of ovarian follicles by the postpartum infection. Immune system of mammals provides a host defence mechanism against pathogenic microbes through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and forming inflammasomes. Like immune cells, ovarian granulosa cells also exhibit a similar pattern of cytokine gene expressions on exposure to PAMPs. Genome-wide transcriptomic approaches explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune function of buffalo granulosa cells during endotoxin exposure. Understanding the molecular mechanism of ovarian dysfunction due to uterine infection would be helpful to implement various strategies to handle the adverse effects of postpartum uterine disease on fertility by developing potential therapeutics. Therefore, this article focuses on key factors that are responsible for postpartum infection and particularly summarizes the molecular mechanism of infection underlying the ovarian dysfunction in dairy animals.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Endometritis; Female; Fertility; Infections; Mastitis; Postpartum Period; Uterine Diseases; Uterus
PubMed: 30964082
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_961_18 -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Aug 2021Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing mastitis (IgG4-RM) is a recently recognised member of the IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) family, a multisystem fibroinflammatory... (Review)
Review
Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing mastitis (IgG4-RM) is a recently recognised member of the IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) family, a multisystem fibroinflammatory condition that can affect any organ system. IgG4-RM is rare and predominantly occurs in middle-aged women. It may present with painless palpable mass and/or lymphadenopathy thereby mimicking breast cancer. Although there is an abundance of literature describing the clinicopathological characteristics of IgG4-RD in a variety of organs, data on IgG4-RM are limited due to its rarity. This review describes the manifestation of the disease in the breast based on reported cases, emphasising the clinicopathological features, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Autoimmunity; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease; Male; Mastitis; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Sclerosis; Young Adult
PubMed: 33328182
DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-207029 -
Pediatrics Jul 2021Describe the clinical presentation, prevalence, and outcomes of concurrent serious bacterial infection (SBI) among infants with mastitis.
OBJECTIVES
Describe the clinical presentation, prevalence, and outcomes of concurrent serious bacterial infection (SBI) among infants with mastitis.
METHODS
Within the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee, 28 sites reviewed records of infants aged ≤90 days with mastitis who were seen in the emergency department between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2017. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment, and outcome data were summarized.
RESULTS
Among 657 infants (median age 21 days), 641 (98%) were well appearing, 138 (21%) had history of fever at home or in the emergency department, and 63 (10%) had reported fussiness or poor feeding. Blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were collected in 581 (88%), 274 (42%), and 216 (33%) infants, respectively. Pathogens grew in 0.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-1.2) of blood, 1.1% (95% CI 0.2-3.2) of urine, and 0.4% (95% CI 0.01-2.5) of cerebrospinal fluid cultures. Cultures from the site of infection were obtained in 335 (51%) infants, with 77% (95% CI 72-81) growing a pathogen, most commonly methicillin-resistant (54%), followed by methicillin-susceptible (29%), and unspecified (8%). A total of 591 (90%) infants were admitted to the hospital, with 22 (3.7%) admitted to an ICU. Overall, 10 (1.5% [95% CI 0.7-2.8]) had sepsis or shock, and 2 (0.3% [95% CI 0.04-1.1]) had severe cellulitis or necrotizing soft tissue infection. None received vasopressors or endotracheal intubation. There were no deaths.
CONCLUSIONS
In this multicenter cohort, mild localized disease was typical of neonatal mastitis. SBI and adverse outcomes were rare. Evaluation for SBI is likely unnecessary in most afebrile, well-appearing infants with mastitis.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Canada; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Male; Mastitis; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Spain; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; United States
PubMed: 34187909
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-051322 -
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and... Jun 2021An understanding of the anatomy, histology, and development of the equine mammary gland underpins study of the pathology of diseases including galactorrhoea, agalactia,... (Review)
Review
An understanding of the anatomy, histology, and development of the equine mammary gland underpins study of the pathology of diseases including galactorrhoea, agalactia, mastitis, and mammary tumour development. This review examines the prenatal development of the equine mammary gland and the striking degree to which the tissue undergoes postnatal development associated with the reproductive cycle. The gland is characterised by epithelial structures arranged in terminal duct lobular units, similar to those of the human breast, supported by distinct zones of intra- and interlobular collagenous stroma. Mastitis and mammary carcinomas are two of the most frequently described equine mammary pathologies and have an overlap in associated clinical signs. Mastitis is most frequently associated with bacterial aetiologies, particularly Streptococcus spp., and knowledge of the process of post-lactational regression can be applied to preventative husbandry strategies. Equine mammary tumours are rare and carry a poor prognosis in many cases. Recent studies have used mammosphere assays to reveal novel insights into the identification and potential behaviour of mammary stem/progenitor cell populations. These suggest that mammospheres derived from equine cells have different growth dynamics compared to those from other species. In parallel with studying the equine mammary gland in order to advance knowledge of equine mammary disease at the interface of basic and clinical science, there is a need to better understand equine lactational biology. This is driven in part by the recognition of the potential value of horse and donkey milk for human consumption, particularly donkey milk in children with 'Cow Milk Protein Allergy'.
Topics: Animals; Equidae; Female; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; Mastitis; Streptococcus
PubMed: 33280071
DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09471-2