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The Breast Journal May 2016Herpetic lesions most frequently occur on oral and genital areas. However, herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be a rare cause of breast infection. In few published articles,... (Review)
Review
Herpetic lesions most frequently occur on oral and genital areas. However, herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be a rare cause of breast infection. In few published articles, the route of transmission is predominantly from infant to mother. We report two cases about simultaneous mammary and extramammary (oral and genital) herpetic infection in nonlactating women. In both cases, HSV breast lesions were acquired by sexual contacts with partners who were asymptomatic HSV carriers. Through a review of literature, we highlight clinical signs for an early diagnosis. We also emphasize the advantage of the valacyclovir for treating this uncommon pathology.
Topics: Acyclovir; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Female; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Mastitis; Valacyclovir; Valine
PubMed: 26899615
DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12579 -
Veterinary Microbiology Dec 2015Bacterial mastitis is a significant welfare and financial problem in sheep flocks. This paper reviews the recently published literature, including publications that... (Review)
Review
Bacterial mastitis is a significant welfare and financial problem in sheep flocks. This paper reviews the recently published literature, including publications that highlight the significance and virulence factors of the causal agents, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Mannheimia haemolytica, the primary causes of the disease. Research has also contributed to the understanding of risk factors, including genetic susceptibility of animals to infections, supporting future strategies for sustainable disease control. Pathogenetic mechanisms, including the role of the local defenses in the teat, have also been described and can assist formulation of strategies that induce local immune responses in the teat of ewes. Further to well-established diagnostic techniques, i.e., bacteriological tests and somatic cell counting, advanced methodologies, e.g., proteomics technologies, will likely contribute to more rapid and accurate diagnostics, in turn enhancing mastitis control efforts.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Female; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mannheimia haemolytica; Mastitis; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Risk Factors; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 26216457
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.009 -
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology... May 2024
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Granulomatous Mastitis; Adult; Pregnancy Complications
PubMed: 38452928
DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2024.102428 -
Nutrients Nov 2018It is well-known that, beyond nutritional components, human breast milk (HBM) contains a wide variety of non-nutritive bio-factors perfectly suited for the growing... (Review)
Review
It is well-known that, beyond nutritional components, human breast milk (HBM) contains a wide variety of non-nutritive bio-factors perfectly suited for the growing infant. In the pre-2000 era, HBM was considered sterile and devoid of micro-organisms. Though HBM was not included as part of the human microbiome project launched in 2007, great strides have been made in studying the bacterial diversity of HBM in both a healthy state and diseased state, and in understanding their role in infant health. HBM provides a vast array of beneficial micro-organisms that play a key role in colonizing the infant's mucosal system, including that of the gut. They also have a role in priming the infant's immune system and supporting its maturation. In this review, we provide an in-depth and updated insight into the immunomodulatory, metabolic, and anti-infective role of HBM bacteriome (bacterial community) and its effect on infant health. We also provide key information from the literature by exploring the possible origin of microbial communities in HBM, the bacterial diversity in this niche and the determinants influencing the HBM bacteriome. Lastly, we investigate the role of the HBM bacteriome in maternal infectious disease (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mastitis)), and cancer. Key gaps in HBM bacterial research are also identified.
Topics: Bacteria; Feces; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Mastitis; Microbiota; Milk, Human; Neoplasms
PubMed: 30400268
DOI: 10.3390/nu10111643 -
Microbiological Research Mar 2022Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of bovine mastitis; it can cause sub-clinical, and clinical mastitis characterized by systemic changes, abnormal appearance... (Review)
Review
Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of bovine mastitis; it can cause sub-clinical, and clinical mastitis characterized by systemic changes, abnormal appearance of milk, and udder inflammation. E. coli pathogenicity in the bovine udder is due to the interaction between its virulence factors and the host factors; it was also linked to the presence of a new pathotype termed mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC). However, the presence of this pathotype is commonly debated. Its main virulence factor is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is responsible for causing an endotoxic shock, and inducing a strong immune response by binding to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and stimulating the expression of chemokines (such as IL-8, and RANTES) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6, and IL-1β). This strong immune response could be used to develop alternative and safe approaches to control E. coli causing bovine mastitis by targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines that can damage the host tissue. The need for alternative treatments against E. coli is due to its ability to resist many conventional antibiotics, which is a huge challenge for curing ill animals. Therefore, the aim of this review was to highlight the pathogenicity of E. coli in the mammary gland, discuss the presence of the new putative pathotype, the mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) pathotype, study the host's immune response, and the alternative treatments that are used against mastitis-associated E. coli.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Complementary Therapies; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Virulence
PubMed: 35021119
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126960 -
Revue Medicale de Liege Jul 2022The autologous fat injection technique, called lipofilling or lipomodeling, is used in both aesthetic and reconstruction procedures. Lipofilling is rarely accompanied by...
The autologous fat injection technique, called lipofilling or lipomodeling, is used in both aesthetic and reconstruction procedures. Lipofilling is rarely accompanied by complications. We report the case of a young female patient who had undergone breast lipofilling before and who developed significant recurrent but self-limiting inflammatory mastitis in the previously injected breast during two successive pregnancies. To our knowledge, no case of post-lipofilling inflammatory mastitis induced by pregnancy has been described to date. This case suggests an interaction between autologous fat injected into the breast and hormonal impregnation linked to pregnancy. This interaction would create a local environment conducive to the occurrence of an inflammatory reaction, according to a pathophysiological mechanism yet to be defined.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Mammaplasty; Mastitis; Pregnancy
PubMed: 35924505
DOI: No ID Found -
Rozhledy V Chirurgii : Mesicnik... 2021Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a rare benign inflammatory disease of the breast, first described by Kessler and Wolloch in 1972. Clinically, it can present as...
Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a rare benign inflammatory disease of the breast, first described by Kessler and Wolloch in 1972. Clinically, it can present as unilateral, sometimes painful, increasing breast resistance, or as a hard, irregular mass. Sonography is the most useful diagnostic method for GM evaluation. The only method for definitive diagnosis is the use of biopsy. In histological findings, GM is characterized by non-caseifying granulomas, often associated with microabscess and fistula formation. There is considerable heterogeneity in treatment options; this may explain the high recurrence rate which is close to 50%. Such a high recurrence rate is alarming and proves that current treatments are suboptimal. Two treatment options are discussed worldwide: conservative strategies involving drug therapy with corticosteroids versus a surgical approach involving partial or total mastectomy. All conservative treatment options are associated with a high risk of recurrence, and most patients require surgery in the end. Thorough excision of inflammatory tissue is crucial for successful treatment while negative surgical margins are associated with a low recurrence rate. The surgical approach to GM requires sufficient radicality and presumes knowledge in the field of reconstructive breast surgery, similarly to oncosurgical breast conservation operations. However, alternatives to GM treatment with oral steroids may be acceptable for patients concerned about surgery. This article presents six case reports of patients treated at our department.
Topics: Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Mastectomy; Mastitis; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
PubMed: 34182762
DOI: 10.33699/PIS.2021.100.4. -
Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : JCU Jun 2022To explore the value of ultrasonic multimodality imaging for characterizing nonpuerperal mastitis (NPM) lesions and feasibility of distinguishing different subtypes.
OBJECTIVE
To explore the value of ultrasonic multimodality imaging for characterizing nonpuerperal mastitis (NPM) lesions and feasibility of distinguishing different subtypes.
METHODS
Thirty-eight NPM lesions were assessed using conventional ultrasonography (US), strain elastography (SE), and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). The lesions were confirmed pathologically and classified as granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM), plasma cell mastitis (PCM), or nonspecific mastitis (NSM). Furthermore, diagnostic indicators were evaluated. The diagnostic performances of the modalities were compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).
RESULTS
The overall morphological features on US differed significantly between the GLM and PCM groups (p = 0.002). Lesion size (≤10 mm) (p = 0.003) and mean SE score (p = 0.001) differed significantly between the PCM and NSM groups. The frequent NPM characteristic on CEUS was hyperenhancement with (or without) increased lesion size; intergroup differences were not significant. Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System > 3 was considered to indicate malignancy; accordingly, the accuracy of US alone, US with CEUS, and US with SE was 10.5%, 21.1%, and 65.8%, respectively. Moreover, the AUC for US with SE for classifying GLM and PCM was 0.616.
CONCLUSION
CEUS cannot accurately classify NPM subtypes, while US and SE are valuable for classification.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Contrast Media; Elasticity Imaging Techniques; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Sensitivity and Specificity; Ultrasonics; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 35475482
DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23205 -
In Vivo (Athens, Greece)Plasma cell mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the breast parenchyma, rare in males. In the last 40 years, few cases have been described in literature. Our recent... (Review)
Review
Plasma cell mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the breast parenchyma, rare in males. In the last 40 years, few cases have been described in literature. Our recent treatment of male patients affected by plasma cell mastitis raised a series of issues which led us to carry out a critical review of the literature. Plasma cell mastitis is often not well defined and is difficult to assess by clinical examination and radiological investigation alone. An understanding of the pathogenesis and the mechanisms behind plasma cell mastitis may help improve the diagnostic and therapeutic course of the disease, leading to a more targeted and less invasive treatment.
Topics: Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Breast; Humans; Male; Mammography; Mastitis; Nipples; Plasma Cells
PubMed: 27815454
DOI: 10.21873/invivo.10987 -
Pediatrics International : Official... 2023Long-term breastfeeding is beneficial for both mothers and infants and mastitis is associated with the premature interruption of breastfeeding. Mastitis can be...
BACKGROUND
Long-term breastfeeding is beneficial for both mothers and infants and mastitis is associated with the premature interruption of breastfeeding. Mastitis can be infectious or noninfectious. However, the effect of noninfectious mastitis on milk microbiota is not well-understood. In this study, we aimed to clarify the relationship between noninfectious mastitis and the microbiota by conducting breast milk culture tests.
METHODS
We compared the milk microbiota between women with noninfectious mastitis and without mastitis. Bacterial cultures were compared in 143 milk samples from January to November 2022, and bacterial diversity was evaluated based on the total number of bacterial species and bacterial species found per specimen.
RESULTS
Women with noninfectious mastitis provided samples at a significantly later stage postpartum (p < 0.01). The total bacterial count was significantly lower in samples from participants with noninfectious mastitis (p < 0.01). The bacterial diversity of milk from participants with noninfectious mastitis was lower than that without mastitis: nine bacterial species identified in the former and 21 in the latter. The number of Rothia spp. was significantly higher, whereas the number of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas fluorescens was significantly lower in samples from women with mastitis. There was no correlation between postpartum week and the number of bacterial species or presence of Rothia spp.
CONCLUSIONS
Noninfectious mastitis is associated with a decrease in the diversity of human milk microbiota, indicating impaired immune, metabolic, and neuroendocrine development functions in infants. Rothia spp. may also be associated with noninfectious mastitis, suggesting a possible target for future research.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Female; Milk, Human; Microbiota; Breast Feeding; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Mastitis
PubMed: 38037424
DOI: 10.1111/ped.15677