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BMC Microbiology Feb 2021Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of chronic mastitis, and can form a biofilm that is difficult to completely remove once formed. Disinfectants are effective...
BACKGROUND
Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of chronic mastitis, and can form a biofilm that is difficult to completely remove once formed. Disinfectants are effective against S. aureus, but their activity is easily affected by environmental factors and they are corrosive to equipment and chemically toxic to livestock and humans. Therefore, we investigated the potential utility of a bacteriophage as a narrow-spectrum disinfectant against biofilms formed by S. aureus. In this study, we isolated and characterized bacteriophage vB_SauM_SDQ (abbreviated to SDQ) to determine its efficacy in removing S. aureus biofilms.
RESULTS
SDQ belongs to the family Myoviridae and consists of a hexagonal head, long neck, and short tail. This phage can sterilize a 10 CFU/mL culture of S. aureus in 12 h and multiply itself 1000-fold in that time. Biofilms formed on polystyrene, milk, and mammary-gland tissue were significantly reduced after SDQ treatment. Fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that SDQ destroyed the biofilm structure. Moreover, the titer of SDQ remained relatively high after the lysis of the bacteria and the removal of the biofilm, exerting a continuous bacteriostatic effect. SDQ also retained its full activity under conditions that mimic common environments, i.e., in the presence of nonionic detergents, tap water, or organic materials. A nonionic detergent (Triton X-100) enhanced the removal of biofilm by SDQ.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that SDQ, a specific lytic S. aureus phage, can be used to control biofilm infections. SDQ maintains its full activity in the presence of nonionic detergents, tap water, metal chelators, and organic materials, and can be used in combination with detergents. We propose this phage as a narrow-spectrum disinfectant against S. aureus, to augment or supplement the use of broad-spectrum disinfectants in the prevention and control of the mastitis and dairy industry contamination caused by S. aureus.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Cattle; Dairying; Disinfectants; Female; Mastitis; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Myoviridae; Phage Therapy; Sewage; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus Phages; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 33607940
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02117-1 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Jun 2024According to ancient literature, Prunella vulgaris L. (P vulgaris) alleviates mastitis and has been used in China for many years; however, there are no relevant reports...
Effect and mechanism of Prunella vulgaris L. extract on alleviating lipopolysaccharide-induced acute mastitis in protecting the blood-milk barrier and reducing inflammation.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
According to ancient literature, Prunella vulgaris L. (P vulgaris) alleviates mastitis and has been used in China for many years; however, there are no relevant reports that confirm this or the mechanism of its efficacy.
AIM OF THE STUDY
To explore the anti-acute mastitis effect and potential mechanism of P vulgaris extract.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
First, the active ingredients and targets of P vulgaris against mastitis were predicted using network pharmacology. Next, the relevant active ingredients were enriched using macroporous resins and verified using UV and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Lastly, a mouse model of acute mastitis was established by injecting lipopolysaccharides into the mammary gland and administering P vulgaris extract by oral gavage. The pathological changes in mammary tissue were observed by HE staining. Serum and tissue inflammatory factors were measured by ELISA method. MPO activity in mammary tissue was measured using colorimetry and MPO expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-3, and occludin) in mammary tissue was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. iNOS and COX-2 in mammary tissue were detected by Western blot. MAPK pathway and NF-κB pathway related proteins were also detected by Western blot.
RESULTS
Network pharmacology predicted that phenolic acids and flavonoids in P vulgaris had anti-mastitis effects. The contents of total flavonoids and total phenolic acids in P vulgaris extract were 64.5% and 29.4%, respectively. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS confirmed that P vulgaris extract contained phenolic acids and flavonoids. The results of animal experiments showed that P vulgaris extract reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and interstitial congestion of mammary tissue. It also reduced the levels of serum and tissue inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and inhibited the activation of MPO. Furthermore, it downregulated the expression of MAPK and NF-κB pathway-related proteins. The expressions of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-3 in mammary gland tissues were upregulated.
CONCLUSIONS
P vulgaris extract can maintain the integrity of mammary connective tissue and reduce its inflammatory response to prevent acute mastitis. Its mechanism probably involves regulating NF-κB and MAPK pathways.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Female; Mice; NF-kappa B; Lipopolysaccharides; Prunella; Signal Transduction; Milk; Occludin; Claudin-3; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Inflammation; Mastitis; Flavonoids
PubMed: 38484956
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117998 -
BMC Surgery Apr 2021As a chronic inflammatory disease of an unknown origin, the treatment of granulomatous mastitis has always been controversial. According to some researchers, surgical...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
As a chronic inflammatory disease of an unknown origin, the treatment of granulomatous mastitis has always been controversial. According to some researchers, surgical treatment and certain medications, especially steroids, are more effective in treating the disease. This study aimed at evaluating the results of treatment in a group of patients with granulomatous mastitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This longitudinal cohort study evaluated the treatment outcomes of 87 patients with pathology-confirmed granulomatous mastitis referred to the surgical clinic of Central Hospital in Sari, Iran. Demographic, clinical, and pathological information, treatment methods and results, and the recurrence rate were analyzed.
FINDINGS
A total of 87 female patients with granulomatous mastitis aged 22-52 years with a mean age of 34 years were evaluated. All patients had palpable masses; the breast masses were painful in 48.3% of patients, and 55.2% of patients suffered from erythema and inflammation, and8% had fistulas and ulcers at the inflammation site. The patients were followed-up for an average duration of 26 months (8-48 months) after treatment and recovery. The overall recurrence rate was 24.1%, and the recurrence rate was 29.4% in patients underwent surgery, 34.8% in patients received high-dose prednisolone, and 17% in those received low-dose prednisolone together with drainage (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
According to the results, the low-dose prednisolone plus drainage was more effective with a lower recurrence rate than only surgical excision or high-dose prednisolone. In fact, the use of minimally invasive methods such as drainage plus low-dose steroids is a more effective method with fewer side effects than the other two methods.
Topics: Adult; Breast; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Iran; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Prednisolone; Young Adult
PubMed: 33882924
DOI: 10.1186/s12893-021-01210-6 -
Annals of the Academy of Medicine,... Aug 2021
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Mammography
PubMed: 34472553
DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2021286 -
Asian Journal of Surgery Jan 2016Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a benign rare inflammatory pseudotumor. Bilateral involvement of IGM has been reported in a few cases. To our knowledge, this...
OBJECTIVES
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a benign rare inflammatory pseudotumor. Bilateral involvement of IGM has been reported in a few cases. To our knowledge, this study is the largest series of bilateral cases to date. The goals of this study were to present clinical features of bilateral IGM and to evaluate the results of treatments.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of the idiopathic granulomatous mastitis database from 2010 to 2013. Ten female patients who met required histologic and clinical criteria of IGM in both breasts were included in study. Demographic data, clinical findings, medication history, and radiologic findings are presented.
RESULTS
The mean age at onset of the disease was 38.4 ± 8.3 years (range: 29-52 years). Nine patients had no recurrence during a mean follow-up period of 21 months (range: 11-26 months). Additionally, the median time to second breast involvement was 15.6 months.
CONCLUSION
Bilateral IGMs have a higher rate of more relapse and greater resistance to medical therapies than do unilateral IGMs. Surgical management should be avoided unless all medical treatment options have been exhausted. Nevertheless, expectant management seems a rational option for the treatment of bilateral IGM.
Topics: Adult; Female; Granulomatous Mastitis; Humans; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 25944108
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2015.02.003 -
Journal of Dairy Science Oct 2015Acute mastitis in suckler ewes is often detected because of systemic signs such as anorexia or lameness, whereas chronic mastitis, characterized by intramammary...
Acute mastitis in suckler ewes is often detected because of systemic signs such as anorexia or lameness, whereas chronic mastitis, characterized by intramammary abscesses with no systemic disease, is typically detected when ewes are inspected before mating. The aims of the current study were to identify the species and strains of culturable bacteria associated with acutely diseased, chronically diseased, and unaffected mammary glands to investigate whether species and strains vary by state. To investigate acute mastitis, 28 milk samples were obtained from both glands of 14 ewes with acute mastitis in one gland only. To investigate chronic mastitis, 16 ovine udders were obtained from 2 abattoirs; milk was aspirated from the 32 glands where possible, and the udders were sectioned to expose intramammary abscesses, which were swab sampled. All milk and swab samples were cultured aerobically. In total, 37 bacterial species were identified, 4 from acute mastitis, 26 from chronic mastitis, and 8 from apparently healthy glands. In chronic mastitis, the overall coincidence index of overlap of species detected in intramammary abscesses and milk was 0.60, reducing to 0.36 within individual glands, indicating a high degree of species overlap in milk and abscesses overall, but less overlap within specific glands. Staphylococcus aureus was detected frequently in all sample types; it was isolated from 10/14 glands with acute mastitis. In 5 ewes, closely related strains were present in both affected and unaffected glands. In chronic mastitis, closely related Staphylococcus aureus strains were detected in milk and abscesses from the same gland.
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Bacteria; Chronic Disease; Female; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Milk; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 26277313
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9702 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Dec 2023In the present study, thermal images of the short milking tube of the milking machine representing four udder quarters independently attached to a milking animal, along...
In the present study, thermal images of the short milking tube of the milking machine representing four udder quarters independently attached to a milking animal, along with pre-milking and post-milking udder and teat thermograms, were taken using a hand-held digital infrared thermal camera (DarviDTL007) during morning milking of lactating Murrah buffaloes (n = 132) to assess the mastitis status. California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) of milk samples were carried out to screen the udder quarters as healthy, subclinical (SCM), and clinical mastitis (CM). The thermograms revealed an increase (p < 0.05) of 2.19 and 3.72ºC in the mean values of short milking tube (SMT) surface temperature among SCM and CM quarters compared to healthy quarters, respectively. The mean values of udder skin surface temperature (USST) for pre-milking, milking, and post-milking of SCM and CM compared to healthy quarters showed an increase (p < 0.05) of 2.17, 1.96, and 1.61ºC and 3.11, 2.88, and 2.73ºC, respectively. Similarly, compared to healthy quarters, the mean values of teat skin surface temperature (TSST) for pre-milking and post-milking of SCM and CM showed an increase (p < 0.05) of 2.12 and 1.66ºC and 3.07 and 2.45ºC, respectively. Also, CMT and SCC results showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.68-0.91, p < 0.01) with all the thermographic parameters. Thus, thermograms of SMT alone can be used as an efficient detection tool in assessing SCM among Murrah buffaloes.
Topics: Animals; Female; Buffaloes; Milk; Lactation; Bison; Mastitis
PubMed: 38055070
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03853-4 -
Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology Jan 2023
Topics: Female; Humans; Mastitis
PubMed: 35658826
DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2022.2076348 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Nov 2020In Egypt, inadequate information on prevalence and epidemiology of caprine mastitis is available. This study was designed to investigate prevalence and etiological...
In Egypt, inadequate information on prevalence and epidemiology of caprine mastitis is available. This study was designed to investigate prevalence and etiological agents of caprine mastitis and assess the efficacy of somatic cell count (SCC) as marker of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in dairy goats. This study was carried out on 249 randomly selected lactating goats in different lactation stages and examined clinically. Of these animals, 477 milk samples were aseptically collected and screened for bacterial carriage. SCC was assessed in 234 apparently normal milk samples, and SCC ≥ 10 cells/ml was indicator for SCM. Prevalence of clinical mastitis (CM) was 33.73% and 16.87% at animal and udder-half levels, respectively. SCM was 52.56% in the apparently healthy halves. Culture results proved single infection in 49.69% of samples, mixed infection in 23.9% of samples, and 26.41% of samples were negative. Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most predominant bacteria (58.75%), then Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (24.375%), and Streptococci (1.875%) were the least. No significant difference was recorded between mean of SCC in bacteriologically positive and negative samples, neither in those with SCC ≤ 10 nor with SCC ≥ 10 cells/ml both in middle and late lactation stages. Besides, the percentage of animals harboring SCC ≥ 10 cells/ml and negative for bacteriology in late lactation stage was 3 times (28.57%) more than in midlactation (9.3%). We can assume that SCC is not proper indicator for intra-mammary inflammation (IMI) in goats, and bacteriological examination remains more efficient, despites being time consuming and expensive.
Topics: Animals; Cell Count; Egypt; Female; Goat Diseases; Goats; Lactation; Mastitis; Milk; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus
PubMed: 32577937
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02331-5 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Mastitis is a common inflammatory disease caused by bacterial infection to the mammary gland that impacts human and animal health and causes economic losses. Houttuynia...
Houttuynia Essential Oil and its Self-Microemulsion Preparation Protect Against LPS-Induced Murine Mastitis by Restoring the Blood-Milk Barrier and Inhibiting Inflammation.
Mastitis is a common inflammatory disease caused by bacterial infection to the mammary gland that impacts human and animal health and causes economic losses. Houttuynia essential oil (HEO), extracted from Thunb, exhibits excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of HEO and a self-microemulsion preparation of HEO (SME-HEO) on inflammation and the blood-milk barrier (BMB) in lipopolysaccharide-induced murine mastitis. HEO and SME-HEO significantly downregulated pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β, upregulated anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, inhibited MPO expression, and alleviated histopathological injury in murine mammary gland tissues. Additionally, HEO and SME-HEO protected the integrity of the BMB by upregulating the expression of junction proteins ZO-1, claudin-1, claudin-3, and occludin. The anti-inflammatory effect of HEO against murine mastitis was mediated by blocking the MAPK signaling pathway and expression of iNOS. By inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors and protecting the integrity of the BMB, HEO may provide a novel treatment for mastitis.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Female; Houttuynia; Humans; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Mastitis; Mice; Milk; Oils, Volatile
PubMed: 35251039
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842189