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The New England Journal of Medicine Mar 2020
Topics: Evidence-Based Medicine; Freedom; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Truth Disclosure; Vaccination Refusal
PubMed: 32160659
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2000807 -
Journal of Pediatric Health Care :... 2019
Topics: Education, Medical; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Patient Education as Topic; United States
PubMed: 31227121
DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.05.002 -
Central European Journal of Public... Jun 2018Between February 2014 and September 2015 a large measles outbreak (5,084 cases) occurred in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB&H). The aim of this study is to...
OBJECTIVE
Between February 2014 and September 2015 a large measles outbreak (5,084 cases) occurred in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB&H). The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of routine measles vaccination in the FB&H.
METHODS
We conducted an analysis of the resurgence period surveillance data and a retrospective cohort study involving primary school aged children in randomly selected schools.
RESULTS
Measles cases occurred among all age groups, mostly among the unvaccinated. Among fully immunized, 2.1% contracted measles. Measles vaccine effectiveness was high. The study indicates that one dose reduced the risk for measles by 91.9% (95% CI: 81.4-96.4%), two doses reduced the risk by 97.3% (95% CI: 95.5-98.4%). No evidence of waning immunity was found. Our survey reveals that a significant number of children had no immunization status registered.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study suggest that the resurgence was likely caused by an accumulation of measles-susceptible children not being vaccinated. This vaccine effectiveness study does not support possible vaccination failure as a contributing factor.
Topics: Adolescent; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Male; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 30102493
DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4754 -
JAMA Pediatrics Sep 2018
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Measles; Measles Vaccine; United States; Vaccination
PubMed: 30073328
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1955 -
Vaccine Dec 2014Tremendous progress has been made globally to reduce the contribution of measles to the burden of childhood deaths and measles cases have dramatically decreased with... (Review)
Review
Tremendous progress has been made globally to reduce the contribution of measles to the burden of childhood deaths and measles cases have dramatically decreased with increased two dose measles-containing vaccine coverage. As a result the Global Vaccine Action Plan, endorsed by the World Health Assembly, has targeted measles elimination in at least five of the six World Health Organisation Regions by 2020. This is an ambitious goal, since measles control requires the highest immunisation coverage of any vaccine preventable disease, which means that the health system must be able to reach every community. Further, while measles remains endemic in any country, importations will result in local transmission and outbreaks in countries and Regions that have interrupted local endemic measles circulation. One of the lines of evidence that countries and Regions must address to confirm measles elimination is a detailed description of measles epidemiology over an extended period. This information is incredibly valuable as predictable epidemiological patterns emerge as measles elimination is approached and achieved. These critical features, including the source, size and duration of outbreaks, the seasonality and age-distribution of cases, genotyping pointers and effective reproduction rate estimates, are discussed with illustrative examples from the Region of the Americas, which eliminated measles in 2002, and the Western Pacific Region, which has established a Regional Verification Commission to review progress towards elimination in all member countries.
Topics: Communicable Disease Control; Disease Eradication; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 25444814
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.061 -
Microbes and Infection 2018Infectious disease epidemics match wars and natural disasters in their capacity to threaten lives and damage economies. Like SARS previously and Zika recently, the Ebola... (Review)
Review
Infectious disease epidemics match wars and natural disasters in their capacity to threaten lives and damage economies. Like SARS previously and Zika recently, the Ebola crisis in 2015 showed how vulnerable the world is to these epidemics, with over 11,000 people dying in the outbreak. In addition to causing immense human suffering, these epidemics particularly affect low- and middle-income countries. Many of these deadly infectious diseases that have epidemic potential can become global health emergencies in the absence of effective vaccines. But very few vaccines against these threats have been developed to create proven medical products. The measles vaccine is an efficient, live attenuated, replicating virus that has been safely administered to 2 billion children over the last 40 years, affording life-long protection after a single dose. Taking advantage of these characteristics, this attenuated virus was transformed into a versatile chimeric or recombinant vaccine vector with demonstrated proof-of-principle in humans and a preclinical track record of rapid adaptability and effectiveness for a variety of pathogens. Clinical trials have shown the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine platform in individuals with preexisting immunity to measles. This review describes the potential of this platform to develop new vaccines against emerging viral diseases.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Measles Vaccine; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Synthetic; Viral Vaccines; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 29410084
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.01.005 -
Vaccine Jan 2018Measles, a vaccine-preventable illness, is one of the most infectious diseases known to man. In 2015, an estimated 134,200 measles deaths occurred globally. Rubella,... (Review)
Review
Measles, a vaccine-preventable illness, is one of the most infectious diseases known to man. In 2015, an estimated 134,200 measles deaths occurred globally. Rubella, also vaccine-preventable, is a concern because infection during pregnancy can result in congenital defects in the baby. More than 100,000 babies with congenital rubella syndrome were estimated to have been born globally in 2010. Eradication of both measles and rubella is considered to be feasible, beneficial, and more cost-effective than high-level control. All six World Health Organization (WHO) regions have measles elimination goals by 2020 and two have rubella elimination goals by that year. However, the World Health Assembly has not endorsed a global eradication goal for either disease. In 2012, the Measles and Rubella Initiative published a Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan, 2012-2020, referred to hereafter as the Plan, which aimed to achieve measles and rubella elimination in at least five WHO regions by end-2020 through the implementation of five core strategies, with progress evaluated against 2015 milestones. When, by end-2015, none of these milestones had been met, WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) recommended a mid-term review of the Plan to evaluate progress toward goals, assess the quality of strategy implementation, and formulate lessons learned. A five-member team reviewed documents and conducted interviews with stakeholders as the basis for the review's conclusions and recommendations. This team concluded that, although significant progress in measles elimination had been made, progress had slowed. It recommended that countries continue to work toward elimination goals with a focus on strengthening ongoing immunization systems. In addition, it concluded that the strategies articulated in the Plan were sound, however full implementation had been impeded by inadequate country ownership and global political will, reflected in inadequate resources. Detailed recommendations for each of the Plan's five strategies as well as the areas of polio transition, governance and resource mobilization are outlined.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Global Health; Health Planning; History, 21st Century; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Rubella; Rubella Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 29307368
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.065 -
The Lancet. Public Health May 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Prisons; Jails; Measles Vaccine; Prisoners
PubMed: 38614107
DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00074-4 -
European Journal of Clinical... Oct 2017Several reasons may explain why measles was not eliminated by 2015 and continues to persist in Europe, including low measles vaccination coverage, low anti-measles herd...
Several reasons may explain why measles was not eliminated by 2015 and continues to persist in Europe, including low measles vaccination coverage, low anti-measles herd immunity levels, and the mobility of individuals with measles across Europe. The study assessed the mean measles vaccination coverage in the European Union and the WHO European region with one and two doses of measles vaccine from 1980 to 2015, and the prevalence of vaccine-induced protected individuals and anti-measles herd immunity levels in the WHO European region during 2000-2015. The study found that measles vaccination coverage with two doses of vaccine was <90% in the European Union and the WHO European region from 1995 to 2015. In the WHO European region, the two-dose measles vaccination coverage during the 2000-2015 period was <95% in 41 countries (79%), and the prevalence of vaccine-induced protected individuals in the target vaccination population was lower than the herd immunity threshold of 94.4% in 33 countries (63%). The additional vaccination coverage required to establish herd immunity in these countries ranged from 0.2% to 18%. Two of the factors explaining measles persistence in Europe in 2015 were the two-dose measles vaccination coverage <95% and the prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced protection of <94.4% in most countries of the WHO European region during the 2000-2015 period. Screening and vaccination programs should be developed to detect and immunize susceptible individuals in areas and population groups without anti-measles herd immunity in all European countries.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Europe; Humans; Immunity, Herd; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination Coverage
PubMed: 28550369
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3011-y -
EMBO Molecular Medicine May 2018This year is the 50 anniversary of the reduction in measles in the USA, following introduction of general vaccination, but also the 20 anniversary of a now retracted...
This year is the 50 anniversary of the reduction in measles in the USA, following introduction of general vaccination, but also the 20 anniversary of a now retracted research paper that suggested a link between the measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccination and autism, which contributed to falling vaccination rates and re‐emergence of measles cases globally.
Topics: Anniversaries and Special Events; Autistic Disorder; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; United States; Vaccination
PubMed: 29685959
DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809176