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AAPS PharmSciTech Feb 2017The aim of this study is to develop an orally disintegrating film (ODF) containing a microparticulate measles vaccine formulation for buccal delivery. The measles...
The aim of this study is to develop an orally disintegrating film (ODF) containing a microparticulate measles vaccine formulation for buccal delivery. The measles vaccine microparticles were made with biocompatible and biodegradable bovine serum albumin (BSA) and processed by spray drying. These vaccine microparticles were incorporated in the ODF, consisting of Lycoat RS720®, Neosorb P60W® and Tween 80. The yield of the microparticles was approximately 85-95%, w/w. The mean size of the vaccine microparticles was 3.65 ± 1.89 μm and had a slightly negative surface charge of 32.65 ± 2.4 mV. The vaccine particles were nontoxic to normal cells at high concentrations (500 μg/2.5 × 10 cells) of vaccine particles. There was a significant induction of innate immune response by vaccine microparticles which was observed in vitro when compared to blank microparticles (P < 0.05). The vaccine microparticles also significantly increased the antigen presentation and co-stimulatory molecules expression on antigen presenting cells, which is a prerequisite for Th1 and Th2 immune responses. When the ODF vaccine formulation was dosed in juvenile pigs, significantly higher antibody titers were observed after week 2, with a significant increase at week 4 and plateauing through week 6 comparative to naïve predose titers. The results suggest that the ODF measles vaccine formulation is a viable dosage form alternative to noninvasive immunization that may increase patient compliance and commercial distribution.
Topics: Administration, Buccal; Administration, Oral; Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Cell Line; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Drug Delivery Systems; Immunization; Measles Vaccine; Mice; Microspheres; Mouth Mucosa; Particle Size; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Swine
PubMed: 27357420
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0566-3 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Aug 2017
Topics: Disease Eradication; Europe; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Rubella; Rubella Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 28412385
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.008 -
Mayo Clinic Proceedings Aug 2020In addition to the vaccines due in the first year of life, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that children continue to receive vaccines... (Review)
Review
In addition to the vaccines due in the first year of life, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that children continue to receive vaccines regularly against a variety of infectious diseases. Starting at 12 to 15 months of life, these include the two-dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccine series and the two-dose varicella vaccine series. Also in the second year of life, infants should begin the two-dose hepatitis A vaccine series and complete the Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine series as well as the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine series. Before 19 months of life, infants should receive the third dose of the poliovirus vaccine and the fourth dose of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine. The final doses of poliovirus and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccines are both due at 4 to 6 years of life. Before each influenza season, every child should receive the influenza vaccine. Those less than 9 years of age who previously received less than two doses need two doses a month apart. At 11 to 12 years of life, all should get two doses of the human papillomavirus vaccine, the adolescent/adult version of the tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine, and begin a two-dose series of meningococcal ACWY vaccine. Each of these vaccines is due when the vaccine works to protect against both an immediate risk as well as to provide long-term protection. Each vaccine-preventable disease varies in terms of the nature of exposure, the form of the morbidity, the risk of mortality, and potential to prevent or ameliorate its harm.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Chickenpox Vaccine; Child; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Female; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Humans; Infant; Influenza Vaccines; Male; Measles Vaccine; Meningococcal Vaccines; Mumps Vaccine; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Rubella Vaccine; Sex Factors; Vaccines
PubMed: 32753151
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.004 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Oct 2018
Topics: Europe; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 30303103
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30563-2 -
Vaccine Jan 2019Vaccine adverse events and controversial safety issues have occurred in recent decades in Japan: aseptic meningitis following the measles-mumps-rubella combined vaccine... (Review)
Review
Vaccine adverse events and controversial safety issues have occurred in recent decades in Japan: aseptic meningitis following the measles-mumps-rubella combined vaccine (MMR), anaphylaxis after immunization with live virus vaccines and inactivated split influenza vaccine, an increased incidence of febrile illness following the simultaneous administration of inactivated vaccines, and chronic pain with neurological illness after immunization with the human papilloma virus vaccine (HPV). Vaccine adverse events are a matter of concern for the public as well as general practitioners; some are within the range of assumptions that adverse reactions after live attenuated vaccines are related to the nature of their parental wild-type viruses. Vaccines stimulate the innate immunity of host immunological defense mechanisms and induce the development of specific acquired immunity. Some adverse events related to autoimmune responses have been reported, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Although a plausible relationship was not demonstrated, the possibility of an association cannot be denied. The pathogenicity of adverse reactions was investigated for anaphylactic reactions, systemic and local reactions following vaccinations. Initial innate immune responses are essential for the development of acquired immunity and are related to adverse events from different viewpoints.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Infant; Influenza Vaccines; Measles Vaccine; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mice; Vaccination; Vaccines; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Combined; Vaccines, Inactivated
PubMed: 30503656
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.045 -
Pediatrics Dec 2019Infants are often assumed to be immune to measles through maternal antibodies transferred during pregnancy and, in many countries, receive their first measles-containing...
BACKGROUND
Infants are often assumed to be immune to measles through maternal antibodies transferred during pregnancy and, in many countries, receive their first measles-containing vaccine at 12 to 15 months. Immunity may wane before this time in measles-eliminated settings, placing infants at risk for measles and complications. We investigated humoral immunity to measles in infants <12 months of age in Ontario, Canada.
METHODS
We selected sera collected at a tertiary pediatric hospital from infants <12 months who were born at ≥37 weeks' gestational age. We excluded infants with conditions that affect antibody levels. We selected ≤25 sera from 8 predetermined age bands and tested them for measles-neutralizing antibody using the plaque-reduction neutralization test. We calculated the proportion immune at each age band, and predictors of infant susceptibility were assessed by using multivariable logistic regression and Poisson regression.
RESULTS
Of 196 infant sera, 56% (110 of 196) were from boys, and 35% (69 of 196) were from infants with underlying medical conditions. In the first month, 20% (5 of 25) of infants had antibodies below the protective threshold, which increased to 92% (22 of 24) by 3 months. By 6 months, all infants had titers below the protective threshold. In a multivariable analysis, infant age was the strongest predictor of susceptibility (odds ratio = 2.13 for each additional month increase; 95% confidence interval: 1.52-2.97).
CONCLUSIONS
Most infants were susceptible to measles by 3 months of age in this elimination setting. Our findings inform important policy discussions relating to the timing of the first dose of measles-containing vaccine and infant postexposure prophylaxis recommendations.
Topics: Age Factors; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Male; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Ontario; Serologic Tests
PubMed: 31753911
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0630 -
Enfermedades Infecciosas Y... Dec 2015Measles is a rash illness of moderate severity and high risk of serious complications, with recovery in several weeks. It is a viral disease caused by one of the most... (Review)
Review
Measles is a rash illness of moderate severity and high risk of serious complications, with recovery in several weeks. It is a viral disease caused by one of the most infectious and contagious pathogens that exists, whose only known reservoir is human. In 1998, the European Region of the WHO set a target of eliminating measles by 2010. This goal has not been achieved. Furthermore, it has been observed the resurgence of the disease in some parts of Europe. We review the disease and its vaccines as well as the epidemiological and social factors that have so far prevented the total control of the disease.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Europe; Global Health; Goals; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Social Determinants of Health; Vaccination; World Health Organization
PubMed: 26611100
DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.10.013 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Aug 2019The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an additional dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children receiving...
BACKGROUND
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an additional dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy following immune reconstitution. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize available evidence regarding measles seroprevalence and measles vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety in HIV-infected adolescents and adults to provide the evidence base for recommendations on the need for measles vaccination.
METHODS
We conducted searches of 8 databases through 26 September 2017. Identified studies were screened independently by 2 reviewers.
RESULTS
The search identified 30 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Across studies, measles seroprevalence among HIV-infected adolescents and adults was high (median, 92%; 27 studies), with no significant difference compared to HIV-uninfected participants (10 studies). In 6 studies that evaluated the immunogenicity of MCVs among seronegative HIV-infected adults, measles seropositivity at end of follow-up ranged from 0% to 56% (median, 39%). No severe adverse events were reported following measles vaccination in HIV-infected patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on similar measles seroprevalence between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adolescents and adults, and the low response to vaccination, these studies do not support the need for an additional dose of MCV in HIV-infected adolescents and adults. These findings support WHO guidelines that measles vaccine be administered to potentially susceptible, asymptomatic HIV-infected adults, and may be considered for those with symptomatic HIV infection if not severely immunosuppressed. Measles-susceptible adolescents and adults, regardless of HIV status, may require targeted vaccination efforts to reach critical vaccination thresholds and achieve regional elimination goals.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Viral; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Seroepidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 30452621
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy980 -
Vaccine May 2019Despite increasing global measles vaccination coverage, progress toward measles elimination has slowed in recent years. In China, children receive a measles-containing...
Despite increasing global measles vaccination coverage, progress toward measles elimination has slowed in recent years. In China, children receive a measles-containing vaccine (MCV) at 8 months, 18-24 months, and some urban areas offer a third dose at age 4-6 years. However, substantial measles cases in Tianjin, China, occur among individuals who have received multiple MCV doses. This study describes the vaccination history of measles cases 8 months - 19 years old. Data came from measles cases in Tianjin's reportable disease surveillance system (2009-2013), and from a case control study (2011-2015). Twenty-nine percent of those in the surveillance dataset and 54.4% of those in the case series received at least one dose of MCV. The minimum and median time-to-diagnosis since vaccination revealed an increase in time since vaccination for incremental doses. Considerable measles cases in Tianjin occur in vaccinated children, and further research is needed to understand the reasons for vaccine failure.
Topics: Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Disease Outbreaks; Epidemiological Monitoring; Female; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Male; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Treatment Failure; Vaccination Coverage; Young Adult
PubMed: 31078327
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.005 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) May 2019All World Health Organization regions have set measles elimination goals. We find that as countries progress toward these goals, they undergo predictable changes in the...
All World Health Organization regions have set measles elimination goals. We find that as countries progress toward these goals, they undergo predictable changes in the size and frequency of measles outbreaks. A country's position on this "canonical path" is driven by both measles control activities and demographic factors, which combine to change the effective size of the measles-susceptible population, thereby driving the country through theoretically established dynamic regimes. Further, position on the path to elimination provides critical information for guiding vaccination efforts, such as the age profile of susceptibility, that could only otherwise be obtained through costly field studies or sophisticated analysis. Equipped with this information, countries can gain insight into their current and future measles epidemiology and select appropriate strategies to more quickly achieve elimination goals.
Topics: Child; Demography; Disease Eradication; Disease Susceptibility; Global Health; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; World Health Organization
PubMed: 31073065
DOI: 10.1126/science.aau6299