-
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Jun 2021A nationwide measles outbreak occurred in Vietnam between 2013 and 2014.
BACKGROUND
A nationwide measles outbreak occurred in Vietnam between 2013 and 2014.
OBJECTIVES
To provide an overview on the 2013-2014 measles outbreak in northern Vietnam using epidemiological and molecular analysis of the measles virus (MeV).
STUDY DESIGN
Epidemiological information was collected from all suspected cases of measles/rubella. Serum and/or throat swabs were collected for laboratory confirmation of measles. MeV genomes were detected and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 9577 confirmed measles cases were reported in northern Vietnam with an incidence rate of 116.4/1,000,000 population. Of these, approximately 76.3% had unvaccinated or unknown vaccination history and 55.7% were under five years old. The outbreak started in a minority population from the mountainous area bordering Lao PDR and China and exploded in high-density population areas. Molecular analysis of MeV revealed co-circulation of genotypes H1 and D8, with H1 as the predominant strain, and divided into two clusters: cluster 1, sharing high similarity with those detected in China and Lao PDR, and cluster 2, circulating locally with unidentified origin. The minor D8 strains belonged to the D8-Frankfurt cluster.
CONCLUSION
The outbreak originated in and spread from a population with limited access to vaccines. Molecular analysis revealed co-circulation of MeVs with three different origins during the outbreak. This is the first report to provide an overview of the 2013-2014 measles outbreak in northern Vietnam, demonstrating the need for vaccination strategies against measles that are tailored to local conditions with enhanced molecular surveillance to achieve measles elimination.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Genotype; Humans; Measles; Measles virus; Phylogeny; Vietnam
PubMed: 33962181
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104840 -
Journal of Medical Virology Feb 2022Measles is one of the most infectious diseases of humans. It is caused by the measles virus (MeV) and can lead to serious illness, lifelong complications, and even...
Measles is one of the most infectious diseases of humans. It is caused by the measles virus (MeV) and can lead to serious illness, lifelong complications, and even death. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is now available to study molecular epidemiology and identify MeV transmission pathways. In the present study, WGS of 23 MeV strains of genotype H1, collected in Mainland China between 2006 and 2018, were generated and compared to 31 WGSs from the public domain to analyze genomic characteristics, evolutionary rates and date of emergence of H1 genotype. The noncoding region between M and F protein genes (M/F NCR) was the most variable region throughout the genome. Although the nucleotide substitution rate of H1 WGS was around 0.75 × 10 substitution per site per year, the M/F NCR had an evolutionary rate three times higher, with 2.44 × 10 substitution per site per year. Phylogenetic analysis identified three distinct genetic groups. The Time of the Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) of H1 genotype was estimated at approximately 1988, while the first genetic group appeared around 1995 followed by two other genetic groups in 1999-2002. Bayesian skyline plot showed that the genetic diversity of the H1 genotype remained stable even though the number of MeV cases decreased 50 times between 2014 (52 628) and 2020 (993). The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic might have some effect on the measles epidemic and further studies will be necessary to assess the genetic diversity of the H1 genotype in a post-COVID area.
Topics: China; Evolution, Molecular; Genes, Viral; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Genotype; Humans; Measles; Measles virus; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 34761827
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27448 -
Global genetic diversity of measles virus (Paramyxoviridae: ): historical aspects and current state.Voprosy Virusologii Nov 2023Monitoring the circulation of the measles virus and studying its genetic diversity is an important component of the measles elimination program. A methodological... (Review)
Review
Monitoring the circulation of the measles virus and studying its genetic diversity is an important component of the measles elimination program. A methodological approach to molecular genetic studies and their interpretation in the measles surveillance was developed in the early 2000s. During its development, clear areas of circulation of each genotype of the virus were identified, therefore, the determination of viruses' genotypes was proposed to monitor circulation and identify transmission pathways. However, in the future, due to a significant decrease in the number of active genotypes, an approach based on sub-genotyping was proposed: determining not only the genotype of the virus, but also its genetic lineage/genetic variant. The Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) systematically monitors the circulation of the measles virus at the sub-genotypic level, depositing the results in a specialized database MeaNS2. It is this database that is the most complete and reliable source of information about the genetic characteristic of measles viruses. This review presents both historical information and the latest data on the global genetic diversity of the measles virus.
Topics: Humans; Measles virus; Morbillivirus; Paramyxoviridae; Molecular Epidemiology; Measles; Genotype; Genetic Variation
PubMed: 38156571
DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-187 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2020With the recognition of oncolytic virotherapy as an immunotherapy, the distinct interactions between oncolytic agents and the immune system have come into focus. The...
With the recognition of oncolytic virotherapy as an immunotherapy, the distinct interactions between oncolytic agents and the immune system have come into focus. The role of the immune system in oncolytic virotherapy is somewhat ambiguous: While preexisting or arising immunity directed against viral antigens may preclude efficient viral replication and spread, immunity directed against tumor antigens is considered essential for long-term treatment success. Aside from the antiviral and antitumor immune status of the patient, the specific immunological microenvironment in a given tumor adds an additional layer of complexity.In this review we focus on the case of measles virus, which has long been known for its multifaceted interplay with the immune system. The high prevalence of measles-neutralizing antibodies in the general population may pose additional challenges. The oncolytic measles virus vector platform offers manifold opportunities for tumor-targeted immunomodulation. This review provides a survey of immunomodulation in the context of measles virotherapy including strategies to suppress or circumvent antiviral immunity as well as enhance antitumor immunity that have been pursued in preclinical and clinical studies. Understanding and selective manipulation of the intricate balance between antiviral and antitumor immunity will be crucial to develop the full potential of oncolytic virotherapy.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Genetic Vectors; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity; Immunomodulation; Immunotherapy; Measles virus; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Tumor Microenvironment; Virus Replication; Virus Shedding
PubMed: 31486034
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9794-7_7 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Oct 2018
Topics: California; Humans; Measles; Measles virus
PubMed: 29878095
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy306 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Jun 2020Many infectious diseases are thought to have emerged in humans after the Neolithic revolution. Although it is broadly accepted that this also applies to measles, the...
Many infectious diseases are thought to have emerged in humans after the Neolithic revolution. Although it is broadly accepted that this also applies to measles, the exact date of emergence for this disease is controversial. We sequenced the genome of a 1912 measles virus and used selection-aware molecular clock modeling to determine the divergence date of measles virus and rinderpest virus. This divergence date represents the earliest possible date for the establishment of measles in human populations. Our analyses show that the measles virus potentially arose as early as the sixth century BCE, possibly coinciding with the rise of large cities.
Topics: Cities; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; History, Ancient; Humans; Measles; Measles virus; Rinderpest virus
PubMed: 32554594
DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9411 -
Viruses Oct 2016Morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. Even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. Even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying pathogenesis and the clinical signs are comparable. Thus, insights gained with one morbillivirus often apply to the other members of the genus. Since the (CDV) causes severe and often lethal disease in dogs and ferrets, it is an attractive model to characterize morbillivirus pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate the efficacy of new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. This review compares the cellular tropism, pathogenesis, mechanisms of persistence and immunosuppression of the (MeV) and CDV. It then summarizes the contributions made by studies on the CDV in dogs and ferrets to our understanding of MeV pathogenesis and to vaccine and drugs development.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Distemper Virus, Canine; Dogs; Ferrets; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immune Tolerance; Measles virus; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 27727184
DOI: 10.3390/v8100274 -
Virus Research May 2019Measles virus (MeV) is an immunosuppressive, extremely contagious RNA virus that remains a leading cause of death among children. MeV is dual-tropic: it replicates first... (Review)
Review
Measles virus (MeV) is an immunosuppressive, extremely contagious RNA virus that remains a leading cause of death among children. MeV is dual-tropic: it replicates first in lymphatic tissue, causing immunosuppression, and then in epithelial cells of the upper airways, accounting for extremely efficient contagion. Efficient contagion is counter-intuitive because the enveloped MeV particles are large and relatively unstable. However, MeV particles can contain multiple genomes, which can code for proteins with different functional characteristics. These proteins can cooperate to promote virus spread in tissue culture, prompting the question of whether multi-genome MeV transmission may promote efficient MeV spread also in vivo. Consistent with this hypothesis, in well-differentiated primary human airway epithelia large genome populations spread rapidly through intercellular pores. In another line of research, it was shown that distinct lymphocytic-adapted and epithelial-adapted genome populations exist; cyclical adaptation studies indicate that suboptimal variants in one environment may constitute a low frequency reservoir for adaptation to the other environment. Altogether, these observations suggest that, in humans, MeV spread relies on en bloc genome transmission, and that genomic diversity is instrumental for rapid MeV dissemination within hosts.
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Epithelial Cells; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Humans; Measles; Measles virus; Receptors, Virus; Respiratory Mucosa; Respiratory System; Virion; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 30853585
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.007 -
The Journal of Pathology Jan 2015The identification of poliovirus receptor-like 4 (PVRL4) as the second natural receptor for measles virus (MV) has closed a major gap in our understanding of measles... (Review)
Review
The identification of poliovirus receptor-like 4 (PVRL4) as the second natural receptor for measles virus (MV) has closed a major gap in our understanding of measles pathogenesis, and explains how this predominantly lymphotropic virus breaks through epithelial barriers to transmit to a susceptible host. Advances in the development of wild-type, recombinant MVs which express fluorescent proteins making infected cells readily detectable in living tissues and animals, has also increased our understanding of this important and highly transmissible human disease. Thus, it is timely to review how these advances have provided new insights into MV infection of immune, epithelial and neural cells. This demands access to primate samples that help us understand the early and acute stages of the disease, which are challenging to dissect due to the mild/self-limiting nature of the infection. It also requires well-characterized and rather rare human tissue samples from patients who succumb to neurological sequelae to help study the consequences of the long-term persistence of this RNA virus in vivo. Collectively, these studies have provided unique insights into how the use of two cellular receptors, CD150 and PVRL4, governs the in vivo tissue-specific temporal patterns of virus spread and resulting pathological lesions. Analysis of tissue samples has also demonstrated the importance of differing mechanisms of virus cell-to-cell spread within lymphoid, epithelial and neural tissues in the dissemination of MV during acute and long-term persistent infections. Given the incentive to eradicate MV globally, and the inevitable question as to whether or not vaccination should cease in light of the existence of closely related morbilliviruses, a thorough understanding of measles pathological lesions is essential.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Genotype; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles virus; Pathology, Molecular; Predictive Value of Tests; Viral Tropism; Virology; Virulence
PubMed: 25294240
DOI: 10.1002/path.4457 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2020The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infections with pathogens. It provides direct antiviral mechanisms to suppress the viral life cycle at... (Review)
Review
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infections with pathogens. It provides direct antiviral mechanisms to suppress the viral life cycle at multiple steps. Innate immune cells are specialized to recognize pathogen infections and activate and modulate adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation, co-stimulation and release of cytokines and chemokines. Measles virus, which causes long-lasting immunosuppression and immune-amnesia, primarily infects and replicates in innate and adaptive immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, T cells and B cells. To achieve efficient replication, measles virus has evolved multiple mechanisms to manipulate innate immune responses by both stimulation and blocking of specific signals necessary for antiviral immunity. This review will highlight our current knowledge in this and address open questions.
Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Measles; Measles virus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32330821
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.001