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Physiological Research Apr 2024ADHD is a common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder and is characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and are often accompanied by learning and... (Review)
Review
ADHD is a common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder and is characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and are often accompanied by learning and memory impairment. Great evidence has shown that learning and memory impairment of ADHD plays an important role in its executive function deficits, which seriously affects the development of academic, cognitive and daily social skills and will cause a serious burden on families and society. With the increasing attention paid to learning and memory impairment in ADHD, relevant research is gradually increasing. In this article, we will present the current research results of learning and memory impairment in ADHD from the following aspects. Firstly, the animal models of ADHD, which display the core symptoms of ADHD as well as with learning and memory impairment. Secondly, the molecular mechanism of has explored, including some neurotransmitters, receptors, RNAs, etc. Thirdly, the susceptibility gene of ADHD related to the learning and impairment in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis. Key words: Learning and memory, ADHD, Review.
Topics: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Humans; Animals; Memory Disorders; Learning; Disease Models, Animal; Learning Disabilities; Memory
PubMed: 38710050
DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935202 -
Critical Care (London, England) Dec 2019Memory gaps in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors are associated with psychiatric disorders. The ICU diaries improve the patient's factual memory of the ICU, but it is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Memory gaps in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors are associated with psychiatric disorders. The ICU diaries improve the patient's factual memory of the ICU, but it is not clear if they reduce the incidence of psychiatric disorders in patients and relatives after hospital discharge. The aim of this study is to evaluate the literature on the effect of ICU diaries for patients admitted in ICU and their relatives.
METHODS
Two authors independently searched the online databases PubMed, OVID, Embase, EBSCO host, and PsycINFO from inception to July 2019. Studies were included if the intervention group (ICU diary) was compared with a group with no diaries and the sample was comprised patients ≥ 18 years old admitted in the ICU for more than 24 h and their relatives. Randomized clinical trials, observational studies, letter with original data, and abstracts were included, irrespective of the language. The search was not limited by any specific outcome. Review articles, commentaries, editorials, and studies without a control group were excluded. Structured tools were used to assess the methodological quality ("Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I)" for cohort studies and the "Cochrane Risk of Bias tool" for included RCTs and before/after studies). A random-effects model was employed considering the anticipated variability between the studies.
RESULTS
Seven hundred eighty-five titles were identified for screening. Two additional studies were selected after a reference search, and after a full-text review, a total of 12 studies were included. When pooling the results, ICU diary was associated with lower risk of depression (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.23-0.75) and better quality of life (10.3 points higher in SF-36 general health score, 95% CI 0.79-19.8), without a decrease in anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For the relatives receiving an ICU diary, there was no difference in the incidence of PTSD, anxiety, or depression.
CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE
This systematic review and meta-analysis supports the use of ICU diaries to reduce the risk of depression and preserve the quality of life of patients after ICU admission. ICU diaries do not seem to have any beneficial effect on the relatives of the patients.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO, CRD42019136639.
Topics: Critical Illness; Diaries as Topic; Family; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Memory Disorders; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Patients; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Survivors
PubMed: 31842929
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2678-0 -
Journal of Attention Disorders Feb 2017Memory problems are a frequently reported symptom in adult ADHD, and it is well-documented that adults with ADHD perform poorly on long-term memory tests. However, the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Memory problems are a frequently reported symptom in adult ADHD, and it is well-documented that adults with ADHD perform poorly on long-term memory tests. However, the cause of this effect is still controversial. The present meta-analysis examined underlying mechanisms that may lead to long-term memory impairments in adult ADHD.
METHOD
We performed separate meta-analyses of measures of memory acquisition and long-term memory using both verbal and visual memory tests. In addition, the influence of potential moderator variables was examined.
RESULTS
Adults with ADHD performed significantly worse than controls on verbal but not on visual long-term memory and memory acquisition subtests. The long-term memory deficit was strongly statistically related to the memory acquisition deficit. In contrast, no retrieval problems were observable.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that memory deficits in adult ADHD reflect a learning deficit induced at the stage of encoding. Implications for clinical and research settings are presented.
Topics: Adult; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Executive Function; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders; Memory, Long-Term; Neuropsychological Tests; Self-Control
PubMed: 24232170
DOI: 10.1177/1087054713510561 -
Proceedings of the Japan Academy.... 2020Memory retrieval is not a passive process. When a memory is retrieved, the retrieved memory is destabilized, similar to short-term memory just after learning, and... (Review)
Review
Memory retrieval is not a passive process. When a memory is retrieved, the retrieved memory is destabilized, similar to short-term memory just after learning, and requires memory reconsolidation to re-stabilize the memory. Recent studies characterizing destabilization and reconsolidation showed that a retrieved memory is not always destabilized and that there are boundary conditions that determine the induction of destabilization and reconsolidation according to certain parameters, such as the duration of retrieval and the memory strength and age. Moreover, the reconsolidation of contextual fear memory is not independent of memory extinction; rather, these memory processes interact with each other. There is an increasing number of findings suggesting that destabilization following retrieval facilitates the modification, weakening, or strengthening of the original memory, and the resultant updated memory is stabilized through reconsolidation. Reconsolidation could be targeted therapeutically to improve emotional disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and phobia. Thus, this review summarizes recent findings to understand the mechanisms and function of reconsolidation.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Extinction, Psychological; Fear; Humans; Memory Consolidation; Memory Disorders; Mental Disorders; Phobic Disorders; Signal Transduction; Stress Disorders, Traumatic
PubMed: 32161213
DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.008 -
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Jun 2015Evidence is accumulating that many memory disorders, including those due to neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury (TBI), vascular disease, or abnormal brain... (Review)
Review
Evidence is accumulating that many memory disorders, including those due to neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury (TBI), vascular disease, or abnormal brain development, share common features of memory-related pathology. Structural and functional deficits of synapses are at the core of the underlying pathophysiology, constituting a critical point of convergence in memory disorders. Memory therapeutics that target synaptic loss and dysfunction - that is, to slow, halt, or reverse progression of the disorders at the level of synapses, via synaptogenic molecular cascades such as those of protein kinase C (PKC) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) - possess universal therapeutic value for many forms of memory disorder. They may be useful either as standalone interventions for patients with memory disorders or as adjuncts to drugs that target the underlying pathology.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Memory Disorders; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Neuroprotective Agents; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 25959522
DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.004 -
Revue Neurologique 2017Memory complaints and deficits are common in patients with epilepsy, especially temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), where memory-related brain structures are directly involved... (Review)
Review
Memory complaints and deficits are common in patients with epilepsy, especially temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), where memory-related brain structures are directly involved in the epileptic process. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in delineating memory impairment in TLE, challenging the traditional neuropsychological approach of the disorder. In particular, several lines of evidence have suggested that, beyond the apparent deficit demonstrable by standardized neuropsychological evaluations, TLE may also negatively interact with long-term memory, producing considerable loss of information of the patient's autobiographical history and an inability to maintain newly acquired information over a period of time. These observations have led to the development of innovative assessment techniques, and prompted a new domain of investigation focused on the relationships between interictal epileptiform activities and the integrity of anatomo-functional systems. The present paper reviews the available evidence for long-term memory deficits in TLE with respect to remote and very long-term memory, and discusses their putative pathophysiological mechanisms and the developing potential strategies to improve memory functioning.
Topics: Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Humans; Memory Disorders; Memory, Episodic; Memory, Long-Term; Mental Recall; Time Factors
PubMed: 28838789
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.06.011 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2016In this chapter, we discuss the wide variety of patients who may attend a memory clinic or other health services presenting with memory symptoms but who do not have... (Review)
Review
In this chapter, we discuss the wide variety of patients who may attend a memory clinic or other health services presenting with memory symptoms but who do not have dementia. These diagnoses may include a wide range of neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders; in this chapter we will focus on other causes of memory symptoms which may be labeled psychologic or functional, or be more obviously part of an established psychiatric disorder. We describe the differential categorization recently posited by Stone et al. (2015), and consider important aspects of assessment and management in these cases.
Topics: Humans; Memory Disorders; Mental Disorders
PubMed: 27719860
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00035-7 -
Cognition & Emotion Nov 2022Previous research has found that depression is characterised by biased processing of emotional information. Although most studies have examined cognitive biases in...
Previous research has found that depression is characterised by biased processing of emotional information. Although most studies have examined cognitive biases in isolation, simultaneous examination of multiple biases is required to understand how they may interact and influence one another to produce depression vulnerability. In this study, the attention and memory biases of currently depressed, previously depressed, and never depressed women were examined using the same stimuli and a unified methodology. Participants viewed negative, positive, and neutral words while their eye gaze was tracked and recorded. After a distraction task, participants completed an incidental recognition test that included words from the eye-tracking task and new words. The results supported the hypothesised mediation model for positive words: currently depressed women had a reduced attention bias for positive words and, in turn, had poorer memory for positive words relative to never depressed women. Previously depressed women, however, showed a lack of coherence between attention and memory biases for positive words. The groups did not differ in their attention or memory biases for negative words. The findings provide novel evidence in support of a causal link between the absence of protective attention and memory biases for positive information in clinical depression.
Topics: Humans; Female; Emotions; Depressive Disorder, Major; Memory Disorders; Fixation, Ocular; Bias
PubMed: 35819001
DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2099348 -
Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Nov 2023Patients with functional disorders (FD) often experience cognitive problems such as forgetfulness and distractibility alongside physical symptoms that cannot be...
INTRODUCTION
Patients with functional disorders (FD) often experience cognitive problems such as forgetfulness and distractibility alongside physical symptoms that cannot be attributed to a known somatic disease.
METHOD
Test scores of cognitive tests and psychiatric rating scales of 100 outpatients diagnosed with a functional disorder were compared to a control group (n = 300) of patients with other diagnoses and to test norms for the general population.
RESULTS
Out of the 100 patients with functional disorders, 59 reported significant subjective cognitive symptoms. A moderate difference (d = 0.5-0.7) was found between the FD group mean and the population mean in processing speed tests, as well as in four psychiatric rating scales (depression, anxiety, phobias, somatisation) but there were no statistically significant differences in verbal and nonverbal reasoning or in logical memory. Somatisation and logical verbal memory scores were higher in the FD group compared to the control group.
CONCLUSION
The findings of the study suggest that a decline in processing speed is a central feature in the cognitive profile of patients with functional disorders.
Topics: Humans; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Memory; Memory Disorders; Neuropsychological Tests; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
PubMed: 37889124
DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2023.2275336 -
Psychiatry Research Jan 2018There are conflicting findings about prospective memory (PM) performance in bipolar disorder. This meta-analysis systematically examined PM in patients with bipolar... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
There are conflicting findings about prospective memory (PM) performance in bipolar disorder. This meta-analysis systematically examined PM in patients with bipolar disorders. Articles were systematically searched in both English and Chinese databases, from their inception to Nov 15, 2016. Only case-control studies on PM in bipolar patients were included for analyses. The random effect model was used in all meta-analytic outcomes. Four studies (n = 390) comparing PM performance between patients with bipolar disorder (n = 208) and healthy controls (n = 182) were included. Three studies were rated as "high quality", while the quality of evidence in 3 meta-analyzable outcomes ranged from "moderate" (67%) to "high" (33%). Compared to healthy controls, bipolar disorder patients showed impairments in overall PM [2 studies, n = 196; SMD: - 1.08 (95%CI: - 1.61, - 0.55), P < 0.0001; I = 65%], event-based PM [4 studies, n = 367; SMD: - 0.51 (95%CI: - 0.78, - 0.23), P = 0.0003; I = 37%] and time-based PM performance [4 studies, n = 367; SMD: - 0.82 (95%CI: - 1.11, - 0.52), P < 0.0001; I = 41%]. In this meta-analysis, both time-based PM and event-based PM deficits appeared to be evident in bipolar disorder.
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders; Memory, Episodic
PubMed: 29055798
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.073