-
Gynecological Endocrinology : the... Mar 2017Neonatal uterine bleeding (NUB) has been carefully studied in the past through case reports, small series, clinical cohort studies, pathology investigations of fetal and... (Review)
Review
Neonatal uterine bleeding (NUB) has been carefully studied in the past through case reports, small series, clinical cohort studies, pathology investigations of fetal and neonatal. Following a historical recount, this review summarizes biological mechanisms conditioning NUB, starting from the persistence till birth of an 'ontogenetic progesterone resistance' (OPR), causing decreased responsiveness of target tissues to bioavailable progesterone. Several pregnancy-related conditions, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, prematurity, post-maturity and even Rhesus or ABO incompatibility, influence the occurrence of NUB. It seems therefore that the phenomenon is precipitated by chronic fetal distress. When present, OPR may persists until telarche; as a consequence, if pregnancy occurs in early teenage, the disorder known as "defective deep placentation" may ensue, increasing the risk of obstetrical syndromes. In the presence of NUB, retrograde shedding into the peritoneal cavity of endometrial stem/progenitor and niche cells may occur. There, given the right environment, these cells can survive and become activated at the time of telarche, causing the specific phenotype of early-onset endometriosis. In conclusion, neonatal menstruation is a fetal distress indicator and can alter the incidence of a variety of pathological conditions later in life. For this reason, it should be carefully recorded and the parents informed.
Topics: Age of Onset; Endometriosis; Endometrium; Female; Fetal Diseases; Fetal Distress; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Menstruation Disturbances; Models, Biological; Neglected Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Uterine Diseases; Uterine Hemorrhage
PubMed: 28079409
DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2016.1259408 -
Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent... Dec 2014Approximately 7% of girls will have an anatomic abnormality in their reproductive tract, diagnosed before or after puberty. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Approximately 7% of girls will have an anatomic abnormality in their reproductive tract, diagnosed before or after puberty.
OBJECTIVE
It is important for providers to be aware of the obstructive reproductive tract conditions, the way in which various conditions present, and the way in which such conditions should be managed.
DESIGN
Systematic review of the literature using the GRADE evidence system.
RESULTS
There is limited data in most areas of obstructive reproductive tract anomalies; however, some retrospective and prospective series with small numbers are still useful to guide clinical practice.
CONCLUSIONS
Recommendations are based on limited or inconsistent scientific evidence. Recommendations are based primarily on consensus and expert opinion.
Topics: Congenital Abnormalities; Female; Genitalia, Female; Humans; Hymen; Menstruation Disturbances; Mullerian Ducts; Pain; Sexual Maturation; Urogenital Abnormalities; Uterus; Vagina
PubMed: 25438708
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.09.001 -
Pediatric Clinics of North America Aug 2015Abnormal menstruation in adolescent girls can cause psychological and physical strain from excess, unpredictable, painful, or even absent bleeding. Care providers who... (Review)
Review
Abnormal menstruation in adolescent girls can cause psychological and physical strain from excess, unpredictable, painful, or even absent bleeding. Care providers who understand what is normal and what is concerning can educate and often reassure the young woman and her family. When there is an abnormal or concerning scenario, they can initiate investigations and/or treatment in an expedient fashion to limit psychosocial and/or physical morbidity. This article provides pediatricians, family doctors, nurse practitioners, and adult gynecologists with the knowledge and understanding of the common complaints, differential diagnoses, and treatment strategies.
Topics: Adolescent; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Menstruation Disturbances
PubMed: 26210626
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2015.04.007 -
Clinical Science (London, England :... Feb 2024The impact of COVID-19 on menstruation has received a high level of public and media interest. Despite this, uncertainty exists about the advice that women and people... (Review)
Review
The impact of COVID-19 on menstruation has received a high level of public and media interest. Despite this, uncertainty exists about the advice that women and people who menstruate should receive in relation to the expected impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection, long COVID or COVID-19 vaccination on menstruation. Furthermore, the mechanisms leading to these reported menstrual changes are poorly understood. This review evaluates the published literature on COVID-19 and its impact on menstrual bleeding, discussing the strengths and limitations of these studies. We present evidence consistent with SARS-CoV-2 infection and long COVID having an association with changes in menstrual bleeding parameters and that the impact of COVID vaccination on menstruation appears less significant. An overview of menstrual physiology and known causes of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is provided before discussing potential mechanisms which may underpin the menstrual disturbance reported with COVID-19, highlighting areas for future scientific study. Finally, consideration is given to the effect that menstruation may have on COVID-19, including the impact of the ovarian sex hormones on acute COVID-19 severity and susceptibility and reported variation in long COVID symptoms across the menstrual cycle. Understanding the current evidence and addressing gaps in our knowledge in this area are essential to inform public health policy, direct the treatment of menstrual disturbance and facilitate development of new therapies, which may reduce the severity of COVID-19 and improve quality of life for those experiencing long COVID.
Topics: Female; Humans; Endometrium; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome; Quality of Life; COVID-19 Vaccines; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Menstruation; Uterine Hemorrhage; Menstruation Disturbances
PubMed: 38372528
DOI: 10.1042/CS20220280 -
Gastroenterology Clinics of North... Jun 2016Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease are chronic inflammatory diseases with typical onset in early adulthood. These diseases, therefore, can affect a woman throughout... (Review)
Review
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease are chronic inflammatory diseases with typical onset in early adulthood. These diseases, therefore, can affect a woman throughout the many stages of her life, including menstruation, sexuality, pregnancy, and menopause. Unique health issues face women during these stages and can affect the course of their inflammatory bowel disease as well as treatment strategies and health maintenance. This article covers the non-pregnancy-related issues that are important in caring for women with inflammatory bowel disease. The topics of pregnancy and fertility are covered in a separate review.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Body Image; Disease Management; Dyspareunia; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infertility, Female; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Menstruation Disturbances; Osteoporosis; Postoperative Complications; Proctocolectomy, Restorative; Quality of Life; Risk; Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Women
PubMed: 27261900
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.007 -
Women & Health 2018This cross-sectional study explored associations of irregular menstruation with occupational characteristics, using secondary analyses of data from 4,731 women aged...
This cross-sectional study explored associations of irregular menstruation with occupational characteristics, using secondary analyses of data from 4,731 women aged 19-54 years, collected from a nationally representative sample, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-V during 2010-2012. The associations between irregular menstruation and occupation were explored using multiple logistic regression. Compared to non-manual workers, service/sales workers had a greater odds of irregular menstruation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.44; 95percent confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.99) as did manual workers and unemployed women (aOR: 1.56; 95percent CI: 1.10-2.22, aOR: 1.46; 95percent CI: 1.14-1.89, respectively). Compared to regular workers, temporary workers and unemployed women had aORs of 1.52 (95percent CI: 1.08-2.13) and 1.33 (95percent CI: 1.05-1.69), respectively. Also, when compared to full-time workers, part-time workers and unemployed women had greater odds of irregular menstruation (aOR: 1.41; 95percent CI: 1.00-2.00 and aOR: 1.29; 95percent CI: 1.03-1.63, respectively). Furthermore, compared to daytime workers, shift workers and unemployed women had greater odds irregular menstruation (aOR: 1.39; 95percent CI: 1.03-1.88 and aOR: 1.28; 95percent CI: 1.04-1.59, respectively). Women with these occupational characteristics should be screened for early diagnosis and intervention for irregular menstruation.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Employment; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Menstruation Disturbances; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Occupations; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Republic of Korea; Work Schedule Tolerance; Young Adult
PubMed: 28682185
DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2017.1342740 -
Revue Neurologique Dec 2018Gender issues and the female preponderance in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have been investigated before, yet the interplay between NMOSD and menstrual...
BACKGROUND
Gender issues and the female preponderance in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have been investigated before, yet the interplay between NMOSD and menstrual characteristics has remained unknown. Thus, the aim was to compare menstrual cycle patterns and their symptoms in NMOSD patients and healthy women.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2015-2016 in Isfahan, Iran, and included female patients aged>14years with a diagnosis of NMOSD and healthy subjects as controls. Data regarding age at menarche, menstrual characteristics, history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and possible perimenstrual symptoms were collected. Also, NMOSD patients were asked to report changes in their menstrual cycles after onset of the disorder.
RESULTS
The final study population included 32 NMOSD and 33 healthy controls. These groups did not differ regarding their demographics (P>0.05), and age at menarche in the NMOSD and control groups was 13.31±1.49 years and 13.48±1.44 years, respectively (P=0.637). The controls experienced PMS more frequently (78.8% vs. 40.6% in the NMOSD patients; P=0.03), with no significant differences in other menstrual features between groups (P>0.05). However, changes in menstruation after NMOSD onset were reported by 43.8% of patients, with an increase in menstrual irregularities from 15.6% to 43.7% (P=0.012); other menstrual characteristics did not differ after disease onset (P>0.05).
CONCLUSION
Menstruation do not differ between healthy controls and NMOSD patients before the onset of disease whereas, after its onset, those affected experienced more irregularities in their menstrual cycles. This may be an effect of NMOSD and its underlying disorders on menstruation and suggests that further interventions may be required for affected women.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azathioprine; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Iran; Menstruation; Menstruation Disturbances; Neuromyelitis Optica; Premenstrual Syndrome; Rituximab; Young Adult
PubMed: 30049560
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.01.373 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Jul 2018Paediatric gynaecology is an emerging discipline. Since 2000, there has been an advanced training programme in paediatric gynaecology available for obstetric and... (Review)
Review
Paediatric gynaecology is an emerging discipline. Since 2000, there has been an advanced training programme in paediatric gynaecology available for obstetric and gynaecology trainees; additionally, a set of clinical standards for the care of paediatric and adolescent patients has been developed by The British Society of Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology (BritSPAG). BritSPAG is a multidisciplinary group of professionals including gynaecologists, paediatricians, paediatric urologists and endocrinologists.Girls with gynaecological conditions are often seen in general paediatric services; it is important that those assessing them are confident in identifying patients who require more specialist care. Despite this, gynaecology does not appear in the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health curriculum. This article aims to increase the knowledge base and confidence of paediatricians in dealing with common paediatric and adolescent gynaecological conditions.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Menstruation Disturbances; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Turner Syndrome; Uterus; Vagina; Vulvar Diseases
PubMed: 29545410
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314375 -
Vaccine Aug 2023Many signals of menstrual disturbances as possible side effects of vaccination against COVID-19 have been reported. Our objective was to compare the risk of menstrual...
BACKGROUND
Many signals of menstrual disturbances as possible side effects of vaccination against COVID-19 have been reported. Our objective was to compare the risk of menstrual disturbances before and after vaccination among women aged 18-30 years in Oslo, Norway.
METHODS
We used electronic questionnaires to collect reports of menstrual disturbances from 3972 women aged 18-30 years, participating in the population-based Norwegian Young Adult Cohort. We examined the occurrence of menstrual disturbances (heavier bleeding than usual, prolonged bleeding, shorter interval between menstruations, longer interval between menstruations, spot bleedings, stronger pain during menstruation, period pain without bleeding) before and after the first and second dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Relative risks (RR) according to vaccination were estimated using a self-controlled case-series design. We performed additional analyses stratified by vaccine brand, contraception/hormone use, and presence of gynecological condition(s).
RESULTS
The prevalence of any menstrual disturbance was 36.7 % in the last menstrual cycle prior the first vaccine dose. The RR for heavier bleeding than usual was 1.90 (95 % CI: 1.69-2.13) after the first vaccine dose and 1.84 (95 % CI 1.66-2.03) after the second dose. Increased risks of prolonged bleeding, shorter interval between menstruations, and stronger pain during menstruation were also observed after both doses. The RRs did not differ with vaccine brand, contraception/hormone use, or presence of gynecological condition(s) for any of the menstrual disturbances.
CONCLUSION
Menstrual disturbances were common regardless of vaccination. We found increased risk of menstrual disturbances after vaccination, particularly for heavier bleeding than usual, prolonged bleeding, shorter interval between menstruations, and stronger period pain. In the future, menstrual characteristics should be included in vaccine trials.
Topics: Female; Humans; Young Adult; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Hemorrhage; Hormones; Menstruation Disturbances; Vaccination
PubMed: 37451876
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.088 -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Jan 2021The reproductive age of a woman comprises a large part of her life. Suffering from menstrual disorders, such as dysmenorrhea, endometriosis and premenstrual syndrome... (Review)
Review
The reproductive age of a woman comprises a large part of her life. Suffering from menstrual disorders, such as dysmenorrhea, endometriosis and premenstrual syndrome (PMS), can have serious implications in the lives of those suffering them, so it is important to diagnose these problems and treat them in the most appropriate way. In the diagnosis of these problems it is important to carry out a rigorous medical history, in which a complete menstrual history is collected. Analgesic and hormonal pharmacological treatment, dietary therapy, surgery or alternative therapies may be included within the approach of these conditions. Regarding diet, this seems to be an important modulating factor, without having studied with sufficient scientific rigor the real effect it causes in women suffering from menstrual disorders. It is advisable to study each case individually and adapt the dietary-nutritional therapy. In endometriosis, for example, any additional problems such as fertility problems or immune diseases must be considered. In general, it is recommended to follow a healthy eating pattern, in which fresh unprocessed foods predominate, and avoid those rich in refined carbohydrates or fats, salt, alcohol and stimulating beverages. The efficacy of food supplements requires further research, although the positive effect of evening primrose oil on PMS appears to be a proven fact.
Topics: Adult; Diet; Endometriosis; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Menstruation Disturbances; Nutrition Therapy; Premenstrual Syndrome
PubMed: 32993311
DOI: 10.20960/nh.03358