-
Genetics Jun 2020Mesoderm migration in the embryo is a highly conserved, complex process that is required for the formation of specialized tissues and organs, including the somatic and... (Review)
Review
Mesoderm migration in the embryo is a highly conserved, complex process that is required for the formation of specialized tissues and organs, including the somatic and visceral musculature. In this FlyBook chapter, we will compare and contrast the specification and migration of cells originating from the trunk and caudal mesoderm. Both cell types engage in collective migrations that enable cells to achieve new positions within developing embryos and form distinct tissues. To start, we will discuss specification and early morphogenetic movements of the presumptive mesoderm, then focus on the coordinate movements of the two subtypes trunk mesoderm and caudal visceral mesoderm, ending with a comparison of these processes including general insights gained through study.
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Drosophila; Drosophila Proteins; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mesoderm; Myoblasts
PubMed: 32487692
DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303258 -
Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica Sinica Jan 2018One of the most important events during vertebrate embryogenesis is the formation or specification of the three germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. After a... (Review)
Review
One of the most important events during vertebrate embryogenesis is the formation or specification of the three germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. After a series of rapid cleavages, embryos form the mesendoderm and ectoderm during late blastulation and early gastrulation. The mesendoderm then further differentiates into the mesoderm and endoderm. Nodal, a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, plays a pivotal role in mesendoderm formation by regulating the expression of a number of critical transcription factors, including Mix-like, GATA, Sox, and Fox. Because the Nodal signal transduction pathway is well-characterized, increasing effort has been made to delineate the spatiotemporal modulation of Nodal signaling during embryonic development. In this review, we summarize the recent progress delineating molecular regulation of Nodal signal intensity and duration during mesendoderm formation.
Topics: Animals; Ectoderm; Endoderm; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mesoderm; Mice; Models, Genetic; Nodal Protein; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29206913
DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx128 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Aug 2019The liver is an indispensable organ for metabolism and drug detoxification. The liver consists of endoderm-derived hepatobiliary lineages and various mesoderm-derived... (Review)
Review
The liver is an indispensable organ for metabolism and drug detoxification. The liver consists of endoderm-derived hepatobiliary lineages and various mesoderm-derived cells, and interacts with the surrounding tissues and organs through the ventral mesentery. Liver development, from hepatic specification to liver maturation, requires close interactions with mesoderm-derived cells, such as mesothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, mesenchymal cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells. These cells affect liver development through precise signaling events and even direct physical contact. Through the use of new techniques, emerging studies have recently led to a deeper understanding of liver development and its related mechanisms, especially the roles of mesodermal cells in liver development. Based on these developments, the current protocols for in vitro hepatocyte-like cell induction and liver-like tissue construction have been optimized and are of great importance for the treatment of liver diseases. Here, we review the roles of mesoderm-derived cells in the processes of liver development, hepatocyte-like cell induction and liver-like tissue construction.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Liver; Mesoderm; Mice
PubMed: 30193996
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.09.003 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Aug 2019The pancreas is a compound gland comprised of both exocrine acinar and duct cells as well as endocrine islet cells. Most notable amongst the latter are the... (Review)
Review
The pancreas is a compound gland comprised of both exocrine acinar and duct cells as well as endocrine islet cells. Most notable amongst the latter are the insulin-synthesizing β-cells, loss or dysfunction of which manifests in diabetes mellitus. All exocrine and endocrine cells derive from multipotent pancreatic progenitor cells arising from the primitive gut epithelium via inductive interactions with adjacent mesodermal tissues. Research in the last two decades has revealed the identity of many of these extrinsic cues and they include signaling molecules used in many other developmental contexts such as retinoic acid, fibroblast growth factors, and members of the TGF-β superfamily. As important as these inductive cues is the absence of other signaling molecules such as hedgehog family members. Much has been learned about the interactions of extrinsic factors with fate regulators intrinsic to the pancreatic endoderm. This new knowledge has had tremendous impact on the development of directed differentiation protocols for converting pluripotent stem cells to β-cells in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mesoderm; Mice; Pancreas
PubMed: 30142440
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.008 -
Current Topics in Developmental Biology 2015The perception of our environment via sensory organs plays a crucial role in survival and evolution. Hearing, one of our most developed senses, depends on the proper... (Review)
Review
The perception of our environment via sensory organs plays a crucial role in survival and evolution. Hearing, one of our most developed senses, depends on the proper function of the auditory system and plays a key role in social communication, integration, and learning ability. The ear is a composite structure, comprised of the external, middle, and inner ear. During development, the ear is formed from the integration of a number of tissues of different embryonic origin, which initiate in distinct areas of the embryo at different time points. Functional connections between the components of the hearing apparatus have to be established and maintained during development and adulthood to allow proper sound submission from the outer to the middle and inner ear. This highly organized and intimate connectivity depends on intricate spatiotemporal signaling between the various tissues that give rise to the structures of the ear. Any alterations in this chain of events can lead to the loss of integration, which can subsequently lead to conductive hearing loss, in case of outer and middle ear defects or sensorineural hearing loss, if inner ear structures are defective. This chapter aims to review the current knowledge concerning the development of the three ear compartments as well as mechanisms and signaling pathways that have been implicated in the coordination and integration process of the ear.
Topics: Animals; Ear; Ear, External; Ear, Middle; Epithelium; Hearing; Humans; Mesoderm; Models, Biological; Morphogenesis
PubMed: 26589927
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.007 -
Current Topics in Developmental Biology 2015The tongue and mandible have common origins. They arise simultaneously from the mandibular arch and are coordinated in their development and growth, which is evident... (Review)
Review
The tongue and mandible have common origins. They arise simultaneously from the mandibular arch and are coordinated in their development and growth, which is evident from several clinical conditions such as Pierre Robin sequence. Here, we review in detail the molecular networks controlling both mandible and tongue development. We also discuss their mechanical relationship and evolution as well as the potential for stem cell-based therapies for disorders affecting these organs.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Mandible; Mesoderm; Neural Crest; Osteogenesis; Stem Cells; Tendons; Tongue
PubMed: 26589920
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.023 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Mar 2016Coelomic cavities of vertebrates are lined by a mesothelium which develops from the lateral plate mesoderm. During development, the coelomic epithelium is a highly... (Review)
Review
Coelomic cavities of vertebrates are lined by a mesothelium which develops from the lateral plate mesoderm. During development, the coelomic epithelium is a highly active cell layer, which locally is able to supply mesenchymal cells that contribute to the mesodermal elements of many organs and provide signals which are necessary for their development. The relevance of this process of mesenchymal cell supply to the developing organs is becoming clearer because genetic lineage tracing techniques have been developed in recent years. Body wall, heart, liver, lungs, gonads, and gastrointestinal tract are populated by cells derived from the coelomic epithelium which contribute to their connective and vascular tissues, and sometimes to specialized cell types such as the stellate cells of the liver, the Cajal interstitial cells of the gut or the Sertoli cells of the testicle. In this review we collect information about the contribution of coelomic epithelium derived cells to visceral development, their developmental fates and signaling functions. The common features displayed by all these processes suggest that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of the embryonic coelomic epithelium is an underestimated but key event of vertebrate development, and probably it is shared by all the coelomate metazoans.
Topics: Animals; Embryo, Mammalian; Epithelium; Humans; Mesoderm; Organogenesis; Signal Transduction; Viscera
PubMed: 26638186
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24373 -
Experimental Cell Research Jan 2022Drosophila embryonic somatic muscles represent a simple and tractable model system to study the gene regulatory networks that control diversification of cell types.... (Review)
Review
Drosophila embryonic somatic muscles represent a simple and tractable model system to study the gene regulatory networks that control diversification of cell types. Somatic myogenesis in Drosophila is initiated by intrinsic action of the mesodermal master gene twist, which activates a cascade of transcriptional outputs including myogenic differentiation factor Mef2, which triggers all aspects of the myogenic differentiation program. In parallel, the expression of a combinatorial code of identity transcription factors (iTFs) defines discrete particular features of each muscle fiber, such as number of fusion events, and specific attachment to tendon cells or innervation, thus ensuring diversification of muscle types. Here, we take the example of a subset of lateral transverse (LT) muscles and discuss how the iTF code and downstream effector genes progressively define individual LT properties such as fusion program, attachment and innervation. We discuss new challenges in the field including the contribution of posttranscriptional and epitranscriptomic regulation of gene expression in the diversification of cell types.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Embryonic Development; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mesoderm; Muscle Development; Muscles; Myogenic Regulatory Factors
PubMed: 34838813
DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112950 -
Journal of Biomedical Science Jun 2022The molecular mechanisms that regulate embryogenesis and cardiac development are calibrated by multiple signal transduction pathways within or between different cell... (Review)
Review
The molecular mechanisms that regulate embryogenesis and cardiac development are calibrated by multiple signal transduction pathways within or between different cell lineages via autocrine or paracrine mechanisms of action. The heart is the first functional organ to form during development, which highlights the importance of this organ in later stages of growth. Knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms underlying cardiac development and adult cardiac homeostasis paves the way for discovering therapeutic possibilities for cardiac disease treatment. Serum response factor (SRF) is a major transcription factor that controls both embryonic and adult cardiac development. SRF expression is needed through the duration of development, from the first mesodermal cell in a developing embryo to the last cell damaged by infarction in the myocardium. Precise regulation of SRF expression is critical for mesoderm formation and cardiac crescent formation in the embryo, and altered SRF levels lead to cardiomyopathies in the adult heart, suggesting the vital role played by SRF in cardiac development and disease. This review provides a detailed overview of SRF and its partners in their various functions and discusses the future scope and possible therapeutic potential of SRF in the cardiovascular system.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Heart; Mesoderm; Myocardium; Serum Response Factor; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 35681202
DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00820-3 -
Cell Reports Aug 2022Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can adopt lineage-specific gene-expression programs by stepwise exposure to defined factors, resulting in the generation of functional cell...
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can adopt lineage-specific gene-expression programs by stepwise exposure to defined factors, resulting in the generation of functional cell types. Bulk and single-cell-based assays were employed to catalog gene expression, histone modifications, chromatin conformation, and accessibility transitions in ESC populations and individual cells acquiring a presomitic mesoderm fate and undergoing further specification toward myogenic and neurogenic lineages. These assays identified cis-regulatory regions and transcription factors presiding over gene-expression programs occurring at defined ESC transitions and revealed the presence of heterogeneous cell populations within discrete ESC developmental stages. The datasets were employed to identify previously unappreciated genomic elements directing the initial activation of Pax7 and myogenic and neurogenic gene-expression programs. This study provides a resource for the discovery of genomic and transcriptional features of pluripotent, mesoderm-induced ESCs and ESC-derived cell lineages.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Embryonic Stem Cells; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Mesoderm; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Transcriptome
PubMed: 35977485
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111219