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Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2018Peroxisome proliferation involves signal recognition and computation by molecular networks that direct molecular events of gene expression, metabolism, membrane... (Review)
Review
Peroxisome proliferation involves signal recognition and computation by molecular networks that direct molecular events of gene expression, metabolism, membrane biogenesis, organelle proliferation, protein import, and organelle inheritance. Peroxisome biogenesis in yeast has served as a model system for exploring the regulatory networks controlling this process. Yeast is an outstanding model system to develop tools and approaches to study molecular networks and cellular responses and because the mechanisms of peroxisome biogenesis and key aspects of the transcriptional regulatory networks are remarkably conserved from yeast to humans. In this chapter, we focus on the complex regulatory networks that respond to environmental cues leading to peroxisome assembly and the molecular events of organelle assembly. Ultimately, understanding the mechanisms of the entire peroxisome biogenesis program holds promise for predictive modeling approaches and for guiding rational intervention strategies that could treat human conditions associated with peroxisome function.
Topics: Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Models, Biological; Peroxisomes; Protein Transport; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 30378032
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_16 -
Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2018The current view on peroxisomes has changed dramatically from being human cell oddities to vital organelles that host several key metabolic pathways. To fulfil over 50... (Review)
Review
The current view on peroxisomes has changed dramatically from being human cell oddities to vital organelles that host several key metabolic pathways. To fulfil over 50 different enzymatic functions, human peroxisomes host either unique peroxisomal proteins or dual-localized proteins. The identification and characterization of the complete peroxisomal proteome in humans is important for diagnosis and treatment of patients with peroxisomal disorders as well as for uncovering novel peroxisomal functions and regulatory modules. Hence, here we compiled a comprehensive list of mammalian peroxisomal and peroxisome-associated proteins by curating results of several quantitative and non-quantitative proteomic studies together with entries in the UniProtKB and Compartments knowledge channel databases. Our analysis gives a holistic view on the mammalian peroxisomal proteome and brings to light potential new peroxisomal and peroxisome-associated proteins. We believe that this dataset, represents a valuable surrogate map of the human peroxisomal proteome.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Peroxisomal Disorders; Peroxisomes; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 30378018
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_2 -
Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2018Peroxisomes are single-membrane bound intracellular organelles that can be found in organisms across the tree of eukaryotes, and thus are likely to derive from an... (Review)
Review
Peroxisomes are single-membrane bound intracellular organelles that can be found in organisms across the tree of eukaryotes, and thus are likely to derive from an ancestral peroxisome in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). Yet, peroxisomes in different lineages can present a large diversity in terms of their metabolic capabilities, which reflects a highly variable proteomic content. Theories on the evolutionary origin of peroxisomes have shifted in the last decades from scenarios involving an endosymbiotic origin, similar to those of mitochondria and plastids, towards hypotheses purporting an endogenous origin from within the endomembrane system. The peroxisomal proteome is highly dynamic in evolutionary terms, and can evolve via differential loss and gain of proteins, as well as via relocalization of proteins from and to other sub-cellular compartments. Here, I review current knowledge and discussions on the diversity, origin, and evolution of the peroxisomal proteome.
Topics: Eukaryota; Eukaryotic Cells; Evolution, Molecular; Peroxisomes; Phylogeny; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 30378025
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_9 -
Archives of Pharmacal Research May 2019Peroxisomes and their (patho-)physiological importance in heath and disease have attracted increasing interest during last few decades. Together with mitochondria,... (Review)
Review
Peroxisomes and their (patho-)physiological importance in heath and disease have attracted increasing interest during last few decades. Together with mitochondria, peroxisomes comprise key metabolic platforms for oxidation of various fatty acids and redox regulation. In addition, peroxisomes contribute to bile acid, cholesterol, and plasmalogen biosynthesis. The importance of functional peroxisomes for cellular metabolism is demonstrated by the marked brain and systemic organ abnormalities occuring in peroxisome biogenesis disorders and peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. Current evidences indicate that peroxisomal function is declined with aging, with peroxisomal dysfunction being linked to early onset of multiple age-related diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we review recent progress toward understanding the physiological roles and pathological implications of peroxisomal dysfunctions, focusing on neurodegenerative disease.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxisomal Disorders; Peroxisomes; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 30739266
DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01131-2 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2019Peroxisomes are cell organelles that play an important role in plants in many physiological and developmental processes. The plant peroxisomes harbor enzymes of the... (Review)
Review
Peroxisomes are cell organelles that play an important role in plants in many physiological and developmental processes. The plant peroxisomes harbor enzymes of the β-oxidation of fatty acids and the glyoxylate cycle; photorespiration; detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; as well as biosynthesis of hormones and signal molecules. The function of peroxisomes in plant cells changes during plant growth and development. They are transformed from organelles involved in storage lipid breakdown during seed germination and seedling growth into leaf peroxisomes involved in photorespiration in green parts of the plant. Additionally, intensive oxidative metabolism of peroxisomes causes damage to their components. Therefore, unnecessary or damaged peroxisomes are degraded by selective autophagy, called pexophagy. This is an important element of the quality control system of peroxisomes in plant cells. Despite the fact that the mechanism of pexophagy has already been described for yeasts and mammals, the molecular mechanisms by which plant cells recognize peroxisomes that will be degraded via pexophagy still remain unclear. It seems that a plant-specific mechanism exists for the selective degradation of peroxisomes. In this review, we describe the physiological role of pexophagy in plant cells and the current hypotheses concerning the mechanism of plant pexophagy.
Topics: Autophagy; Macroautophagy; Microautophagy; Oxidative Stress; Peroxisomes; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plants; Sugars
PubMed: 31557865
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194754 -
Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2018Peroxisomes and mitochondria are dynamic, multifunctional organelles that play pivotal cooperative roles in the metabolism of cellular lipids and reactive oxygen... (Review)
Review
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are dynamic, multifunctional organelles that play pivotal cooperative roles in the metabolism of cellular lipids and reactive oxygen species. Their functional interplay, the "peroxisome-mitochondria connection", also includes cooperation in anti-viral signalling and defence, as well as coordinated biogenesis by sharing key division proteins. In this review, we focus on multi-localised proteins which are shared by peroxisomes and mitochondria in mammals. We first outline the targeting and sharing of matrix proteins which are involved in metabolic cooperation. Next, we discuss shared components of peroxisomal and mitochondrial dynamics and division, and we present novel insights into the dual targeting of tail-anchored membrane proteins. Finally, we provide an overview of what is currently known about the role of shared membrane proteins in disease. What emerges is that sharing of proteins between these two organelles plays a key role in their cooperative functions which, based on new findings, may be more extensive than originally envisaged. Gaining a better insight into organelle interplay and the targeting of shared proteins is pivotal to understanding how organelle cooperation contributes to human health and disease.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Mitochondria; Peroxisomes; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 30378033
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_17 -
Journal of Cell Science May 2024Peroxisomes are highly plastic organelles that are involved in several metabolic processes, including fatty acid oxidation, ether lipid synthesis and redox homeostasis.... (Review)
Review
Peroxisomes are highly plastic organelles that are involved in several metabolic processes, including fatty acid oxidation, ether lipid synthesis and redox homeostasis. Their abundance and activity are dynamically regulated in response to nutrient availability and cellular stress. Damaged or superfluous peroxisomes are removed mainly by pexophagy, the selective autophagy of peroxisomes induced by ubiquitylation of peroxisomal membrane proteins or ubiquitin-independent processes. Dysregulated pexophagy impairs peroxisome homeostasis and has been linked to the development of various human diseases. Despite many recent insights into mammalian pexophagy, our understanding of this process is still limited compared to our understanding of pexophagy in yeast. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we summarize current knowledge on the control of mammalian pexophagy and highlight which aspects require further attention. We also discuss the role of ubiquitylation in pexophagy and describe the ubiquitin machinery involved in regulating signals for the recruitment of phagophores to peroxisomes.
Topics: Peroxisomes; Humans; Animals; Ubiquitination; Autophagy; Macroautophagy; Mammals; Membrane Proteins
PubMed: 38752931
DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259775 -
Current Opinion in Cell Biology Aug 2015Peroxisomes are remarkably responsive organelles. Their composition, abundance and even their mechanism of biogenesis are influenced strongly by cell type and the... (Review)
Review
Peroxisomes are remarkably responsive organelles. Their composition, abundance and even their mechanism of biogenesis are influenced strongly by cell type and the environment. This plasticity underlies peroxisomal functions in metabolism and the detoxification of dangerous reactive oxygen species. However, peroxisomes are integrated into the cellular system as a whole such that they communicate intimately with other organelles, control signaling dynamics as in the case of innate immune responses to infectious disease, and contribute to processes as fundamental as longevity. The increasing evidence for peroxisomes having roles in various cellular and organismal functions, combined with their malleability, suggests complex mechanisms operate to control cellular dynamics and the specificity of cellular responses and functions extending well beyond the peroxisome itself. A deeper understanding of the functions of peroxisomes and the mechanisms that control their plasticity could offer opportunities for exploiting changes in peroxisome abundance to control cellular function.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Peroxisomes; Reactive Oxygen Species; Signal Transduction; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 26042681
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.05.002 -
Histochemistry and Cell Biology Feb 2024Peroxisomes are highly dynamic, oxidative organelles with key metabolic functions in cellular lipid metabolism, such as the β-oxidation of fatty acids and the synthesis... (Review)
Review
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic, oxidative organelles with key metabolic functions in cellular lipid metabolism, such as the β-oxidation of fatty acids and the synthesis of myelin sheath lipids, as well as the regulation of cellular redox balance. Loss of peroxisomal functions causes severe metabolic disorders in humans. Furthermore, peroxisomes also fulfil protective roles in pathogen and viral defence and immunity, highlighting their wider significance in human health and disease. This has sparked increasing interest in peroxisome biology and their physiological functions. This review presents an update and a continuation of three previous review articles addressing the unsolved mysteries of this remarkable organelle. We continue to highlight recent discoveries, advancements, and trends in peroxisome research, and address novel findings on the metabolic functions of peroxisomes, their biogenesis, protein import, membrane dynamics and division, as well as on peroxisome-organelle membrane contact sites and organelle cooperation. Furthermore, recent insights into peroxisome organisation through super-resolution microscopy are discussed. Finally, we address new roles for peroxisomes in immune and defence mechanisms and in human disorders, and for peroxisomal functions in different cell/tissue types, in particular their contribution to organ-specific pathologies.
Topics: Humans; Peroxisomes; Lipid Metabolism; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 38244103
DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02259-5 -
Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2018A large amount of ultrastructural, biochemical and molecular analysis indicates that peroxisomes and mitochondria not only share the same subcellular space but also... (Review)
Review
A large amount of ultrastructural, biochemical and molecular analysis indicates that peroxisomes and mitochondria not only share the same subcellular space but also maintain considerable overlap in their proteins, responses and functions. Recent approaches using imaging of fluorescent proteins targeted to both organelles in living plant cells are beginning to show the dynamic nature of their interactivity. Based on the observations of living cells, mitochondria respond rapidly to stress by undergoing fission. Mitochondrial fission is suggested to release key membrane-interacting members of the FISSION1 and DYNAMIN RELATED PROTEIN3 families and appears to be followed by the formation of thin peroxisomal extensions called peroxules. In a model we present the peroxules as an intermediate state prior to the formation of tubular peroxisomes, which, in turn are acted upon by the constriction-related proteins released by mitochondria and undergo rapid constriction and fission to increase the number of peroxisomes in a cell. The fluorescent protein aided imaging of peroxisome-mitochondria interaction provides visual evidence for their cooperation in maintenance of cellular homeostasis in plants.
Topics: Mitochondria; Peroxisomes; Plant Cells; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 30378034
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_18