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Nutrients Jan 2020Micronutrient deficiencies continue to be widespread among children under-five in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), despite the fact that several effective... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Micronutrient Supplementation and Fortification Interventions on Health and Development Outcomes among Children Under-Five in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Micronutrient deficiencies continue to be widespread among children under-five in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), despite the fact that several effective strategies now exist to prevent them. This kind of malnutrition can have several immediate and long-term consequences, including stunted growth, a higher risk of acquiring infections, and poor development outcomes, all of which may lead to a child not achieving his or her full potential. This review systematically synthesizes the available evidence on the strategies used to prevent micronutrient malnutrition among children under-five in LMICs, including single and multiple micronutrient (MMN) supplementation, lipid-based nutrient supplementation (LNS), targeted and large-scale fortification, and point-of-use-fortification with micronutrient powders (MNPs). We searched relevant databases and grey literature, retrieving 35,924 papers. After application of eligibility criteria, we included 197 unique studies. Of note, we examined the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions. We found that certain outcomes, such as anemia, responded to several intervention types. The risk of anemia was reduced with iron alone, iron-folic acid, MMN supplementation, MNPs, targeted fortification, and large-scale fortification. Stunting and underweight, however, were improved only among children who were provided with LNS, though MMN supplementation also slightly increased length-for-age z-scores. Vitamin A supplementation likely reduced all-cause mortality, while zinc supplementation decreased the incidence of diarrhea. Importantly, many effects of LNS and MNPs held when pooling data from effectiveness studies. Taken together, this evidence further supports the importance of these strategies for reducing the burden of micronutrient malnutrition in children. Population and context should be considered when selecting one or more appropriate interventions for programming.
Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Dietary Supplements; Female; Folic Acid; Food, Fortified; Growth Disorders; Humans; Income; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Male; Micronutrients; Thinness; Trace Elements
PubMed: 31973225
DOI: 10.3390/nu12020289 -
Biological Trace Element Research Mar 2019
Topics: Animals; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Periodicals as Topic; Societies, Scientific; Trace Elements
PubMed: 30706356
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-1640-y -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Selenium (Se) is a naturally occurring essential micronutrient that is required for human health. The existing form of Se includes inorganic and organic. In contrast to... (Review)
Review
Selenium (Se) is a naturally occurring essential micronutrient that is required for human health. The existing form of Se includes inorganic and organic. In contrast to the inorganic Se, which has low bioavailability and high cytotoxicity, organic Se exhibits higher bioavailability, lower toxicity, and has a more diverse composition and structure. This review presents the nutritional benefits of Se by listing and linking selenoprotein (SeP) functions to evidence of health benefits. The research status of SeP from foods in recent years is introduced systematically, particularly the sources, biochemical transformation and speciation, and the bioactivities. These aspects are elaborated with references for further research and utilization of organic Se compounds in the field of health.
Topics: Humans; Selenium; Trace Elements; Biological Availability; Micronutrients; Selenoproteins
PubMed: 38202719
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010136 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) May 2018Molybdenum, a trace element essential for micro-organisms, plants, and animals, was discovered in 1778 by a Swedish chemist named Karl Scheele. Initially mistaken for...
Molybdenum, a trace element essential for micro-organisms, plants, and animals, was discovered in 1778 by a Swedish chemist named Karl Scheele. Initially mistaken for lead, molybdenum was named after the Greek work molybdos, meaning lead-like. In the 1930s, it was recognized that ingestion of forage with high amounts of molybdenum by cattle caused a debilitating condition. In the 1950s, the essentiality of molybdenum was established with the discovery of the first molybdenum-containing enzymes. In humans, only 4 enzymes requiring molybdenum have been identified to date: sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC). Sulfite oxidase, an enzyme found in mitochondria, catalyzes oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the final step in oxidation of sulfur amino acids (cysteine and methionine). Xanthine oxidase converts hypoxanthine to xanthine, and further converts xanthine to uric acid, preventing hypoxanthine, formed from spontaneous deamination of adenine, from leading to DNA mutations if paired with cytosine in place of thymine. Aldehyde oxidase is abundant in the liver and is an important enzyme in phase 1 drug metabolism. Finally, mARC, discovered less than a decade ago, works in concert with cytochrome b5 type B and NAD(H) cytochrome b5 reductase to reduce a variety of N-hydroxylated substrates, although the physiologic significance is still unclear. In the case of each of the molybdenum enzymes, activity is catalyzed via a tricyclic cofactor composed of a pterin, a dithiolene, and a pyran ring, called molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) (1).
Topics: Animals; Coenzymes; Cytochromes b5; Diet; Humans; Liver; Metalloproteins; Mitochondria; Molybdenum; Molybdenum Cofactors; Oxidoreductases; Pteridines; Trace Elements
PubMed: 29767695
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmx001 -
Nutrients Jul 2018Sepsis, defined as a "life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host-response to infection" is a major health issue worldwide and still lacks a fully... (Review)
Review
Sepsis, defined as a "life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host-response to infection" is a major health issue worldwide and still lacks a fully elucidated pathobiology and uniform diagnostic tests. The trace element zinc is known to be crucial to ensure an appropriate immune response. During sepsis a redistribution of zinc from serum into the liver has been observed and several studies imply a correlation between zinc and sepsis outcome. Therefore the alterations of zinc concentrations in different tissues might serve as one part of the host's defense mechanism against pathogens during sepsis by diverse mechanisms. It has been suggested that zinc is involved in nutritional immunity, acts as a hepatoprotective agent, or a differentiation signal for innate immune cells, or supports the synthesis of acute phase proteins. Further knowledge about these events could help in the evaluation of how zinc could be optimally applied to improve treatment of septic patients. Moreover, the changes in zinc homeostasis are substantial and correlate with the severity of the disease, suggesting that zinc might also be useful as a diagnostic marker for evaluating the severity and predicting the outcome of sepsis.
Topics: Biomarkers; Homeostasis; Humans; Immunity; Liver; Protective Agents; Sepsis; Trace Elements; Zinc
PubMed: 30060473
DOI: 10.3390/nu10080976 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Zinc is an essential micronutrient, and its deficiency is perhaps the most prevalent and least understood worldwide. Recent advances have expanded the understanding of... (Review)
Review
Zinc is an essential micronutrient, and its deficiency is perhaps the most prevalent and least understood worldwide. Recent advances have expanded the understanding of zinc's unique chemistry and molecular roles in a vast array of critical functions. However, beyond the concept of zinc absorption, few studies have explored the molecular basis of zinc bioavailability that determines the proportion of dietary zinc utilized in zinc-dependent processes in the body. The purpose of this review is to merge the concepts of zinc molecular biology and bioavailability with a focus on the molecular determinants of zinc luminal availability, absorption, transport, and utilization.
Topics: Zinc; Biological Availability; Trace Elements; Micronutrients; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 37047530
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076561 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Mar 2015
Topics: Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Trace Elements; Zinc
PubMed: 25770261
DOI: 10.3945/an.114.006874 -
Nephron 2023Acute kidney injury impacts the micronutrient status by various mechanisms including decreased enteral absorption, changes in redistribution, altered metabolism, and... (Review)
Review
Acute kidney injury impacts the micronutrient status by various mechanisms including decreased enteral absorption, changes in redistribution, altered metabolism, and increased consumption. When renal replacement therapy (RRT) is applied, there are additional losses of vitamins, trace elements, and amino acids, and their derivatives due to diffusion or adhesion. Varied data exist regarding the degree of micronutrient losses and plasma concentrations in patients who receive RRT, and these differ by RRT modality, dose, duration, and type of micronutrient. Water-soluble vitamins, selenium, copper, and carnitine are among the most frequently reported depleted nutrients. The role of micronutrient supplementation in critically ill patients undergoing RRT and the optimal dose and mode of administration are yet to be determined.
Topics: Humans; Trace Elements; Micronutrients; Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy; Vitamins; Selenium; Renal Replacement Therapy; Acute Kidney Injury; Critical Illness
PubMed: 37611551
DOI: 10.1159/000531947 -
Nutrients Feb 2023Iodine is an essential micronutrient and component of thyroid hormone. An adequate dietary iodine intake is critical to maintain and promote normal growth and... (Review)
Review
Iodine is an essential micronutrient and component of thyroid hormone. An adequate dietary iodine intake is critical to maintain and promote normal growth and development, especially during vulnerable life stages such as pregnancy and early infancy. The role of iodine in cognitive development is supported by numerous interventional and observational studies, and when iodine intake is too low, somatic growth is also impaired. This can be clearly seen in cases of untreated congenital hypothyroidism related to severe iodine deficiency, which is characterized, in part, by a short stature. Nevertheless, the impact of a less severe iodine deficiency on growth, whether in utero or postnatal, is unclear. Robust studies examining the relationship between iodine and growth are rarely feasible, including the aspect of examining the effect of a single micronutrient on a process that is reliant on multiple nutrients for optimal success. Conversely, excessive iodine intake can affect thyroid function and the secretion of optimal thyroid hormone levels; however, whether this affects growth has not been examined. This narrative review outlines the mechanisms by which iodine contributes to the growth process from conception onwards, supported by evidence from human studies. It emphasizes the need for adequate iodine public health policies and their robust monitoring and surveillance, to ensure coverage for all population groups, particularly those at life stages vulnerable for growth. Finally, it summarizes the other micronutrients important to consider alongside iodine when seeking to assess the impact of iodine on somatic growth.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Iodine; Trace Elements; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Micronutrients; Malnutrition
PubMed: 36839172
DOI: 10.3390/nu15040814 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Mar 2024Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. The importance of MNs in common pathologies is recognized by recent...
BACKGROUND
Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. The importance of MNs in common pathologies is recognized by recent research, with deficiencies significantly impacting the outcome.
OBJECTIVE
This short version of the guideline aims to provide practical recommendations for clinical practice.
METHODS
An extensive search of the literature was conducted in the databases Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and CINAHL for the initial guideline. The search focused on physiological data, historical evidence (for papers published before PubMed release in 1996), and observational and/or randomized trials. For each MN, the main functions, optimal analytical methods, impact of inflammation, potential toxicity, and provision during enteral or parenteral nutrition were addressed. The SOP wording was applied for strength of recommendations.
RESULTS
The limited number of interventional trials prevented meta-analysis and led to a low level of evidence for most recommendations. The recommendations underwent a consensus process, which resulted in a percentage of agreement (%): strong consensus required of >90 % of votes. Altogether the guideline proposes 3 general recommendations and specific recommendations for the 26 MNs. Monitoring and management strategies are proposed.
CONCLUSION
This short version of the MN guideline should facilitate handling of the MNs in at-risk diseases, whilst offering practical advice on MN provision and monitoring during nutritional support.
Topics: Humans; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Vitamins; Consensus; Databases, Factual
PubMed: 38350290
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.01.030