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Nutrition in Clinical Practice :... Aug 2019Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that plays a pivotal role in many of the body's regulatory and metabolic functions, especially during times of stress. After... (Review)
Review
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that plays a pivotal role in many of the body's regulatory and metabolic functions, especially during times of stress. After uptake, Se is incorporated into several Se-dependent proteins, which have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities. Several observational clinical studies have demonstrated that Se deficiency can cause chronic cardiovascular diseases and aggravate organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery and that low levels of Se may be independently associated with the development of organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Based on these findings, several studies have investigated the effects of a perioperative Se supplementation strategy. Therefore, the present review describes in depth the pathophysiology and harmful stimuli during cardiac surgery, how Se may counteract these injuries, the different types of Se supplementation strategies that have been evaluated, and current evidence of its clinical significance.
Topics: Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Postoperative Complications; Selenium; Trace Elements
PubMed: 31172596
DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10326 -
Voprosy Pitaniia 2021Long-term use of certain drugs causes subclinical and clinically significant micronutrient deficiencies, which can affect the course of the disease, its prognosis,... (Review)
Review
Long-term use of certain drugs causes subclinical and clinically significant micronutrient deficiencies, which can affect the course of the disease, its prognosis, quality of life, and patient compliance with therapy. of the study was to single out groups of drugs, which long-term use leads to micronutrient deficiency, and to determine vitamins, minerals and trace elements, which supply can be reduced as a result of pharmacotherapy, basing on the analysis of data published in the scientific literature. . This review analyzes articles on medical sciences from MEDLINE and PubMed-NCBI bibliographic databases. . Combined oral contraceptives reduce woman's supply with B vitamins (B6, B12, B9), can cause hypomagnesemia, affect the calcium/magnesium blood ratio, reduce the amount of vitamin E circulating in blood. Proton pump inhibitors reduce the absorption of vitamin B12, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc. Aspirin increases ascorbic acid metabolism. Loop diuretics increase urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, thiamine, thiazide ones elevate zinc and vitamin B9 excretion. Loss of taste when taking captopril is associated with a decrease in zinc supply. The use of calcium channel blockers interfere with the absorption of folic acid by gingival fibroblasts. . Given the growing prevalence of long-term drug use, it is necessary to be able to predict and prevent potential consequences of interactions with micronutrients. It is advisable, along with a varied and healthy diet, to provide patients with supplementation in order to prevent micronutrient deficiencies. Optimization of vitamin status of the population in terms of its significance for public health is comparable to drug therapy and is one of the technologies for reducing losses from chronic diseases.
Topics: Female; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Micronutrients; Quality of Life; Trace Elements; Vitamins
PubMed: 34538035
DOI: 10.33029/0042-8833-2021-90-4-53-63 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2021This study described the interactions of different nutritional components with the immune system. A detailed search was carried out on Google Scholar and PubMed... (Review)
Review
This study described the interactions of different nutritional components with the immune system. A detailed search was carried out on Google Scholar and PubMed databases to find out the relevant research studies using different keywords, such as "Nutrients", "Micronutrients", and "Immune system and micronutrients". Only those papers that discussed the interactions between nutrients and the components of the immune system were included in the study. This research outlined the impact of different vitamins, trace elements or metals, amino acids, and fatty acids on different immune system components. It was found that vitamins, such as vitamin A, D, and C, tend to help immune cell differentiation and enhance the expression of different cytokines. Vitamins also contribute to the proliferation of T and B cells and impact the production of white blood cells. Similarly, trace elements or metals act as enzyme cofactors and control different immune response cycles by controlling the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules. Moreover, different essential and non-essential amino acids play important roles in immune system development as they are primarily involved in protein synthesis. Amino acids, such as arginine, glutamine, and alanine, modulate the expression of cytokines and also control the migration and transmigration capabilities of macrophages. They also enhance the phagocytic properties of macrophages and neutrophils. In a similar way, fatty acids act as anti-inflammatory agents since they can decrease the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II. Furthermore, they inhibit the secretion of different inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, all the components of our daily diet are associated with the development of the immune system, and understanding their interactions is important for future immune therapies and drug development.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Cytokines; Fatty Acids; Immune System; Micronutrients; Nutrients; Trace Elements; Vitamins
PubMed: 35546980
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356098.1775 -
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition... Nov 2023Improved survival from critical illness has enhanced the focus on ways to augment functional outcomes following discharge from the Intensive Care Unit. An area that is... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Improved survival from critical illness has enhanced the focus on ways to augment functional outcomes following discharge from the Intensive Care Unit. An area that is gaining increased attention is the effect of critical illness on bone health and fragility fractures following the episode. This review discusses the micronutrients that may play a role in bone metabolism and the potential benefits of their supplementation to prevent osteoporosis. These include calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin K, and certain trace elements.
FINDINGS
Although there is sound physiological basis for the involvement of these micronutrients in bone health and fracture prevention, there are few clinically relevant publications in this area with calcium and vitamin D being the best studied to date.
SUMMARY
In the absence of high-quality evidence in critically ill populations, attention to measurement and supplementation of these micronutrients as per current guidelines outlining micronutrient requirements in enteral and parenteral nutrition might mitigate bone loss and its sequelae in the recovery phase from critical illness.
Topics: Humans; Critical Illness; Calcium; Osteoporosis; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Fractures, Bone; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Eating
PubMed: 37650707
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000979 -
Nutrients Jun 2017Micronutrient homeostasis is a key factor in maintaining a healthy immune system. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is involved in the regulation of the innate and... (Review)
Review
Micronutrient homeostasis is a key factor in maintaining a healthy immune system. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is involved in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The main cause of zinc deficiency is malnutrition. Zinc deficiency leads to cell-mediated immune dysfunctions among other manifestations. Consequently, such dysfunctions lead to a worse outcome in the response towards bacterial infection and sepsis. For instance, zinc is an essential component of the pathogen-eliminating signal transduction pathways leading to neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) formation, as well as inducing cell-mediated immunity over humoral immunity by regulating specific factors of differentiation. Additionally, zinc deficiency plays a role in inflammation, mainly elevating inflammatory response as well as damage to host tissue. Zinc is involved in the modulation of the proinflammatory response by targeting Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), a transcription factor that is the master regulator of proinflammatory responses. It is also involved in controlling oxidative stress and regulating inflammatory cytokines. Zinc plays an intricate function during an immune response and its homeostasis is critical for sustaining proper immune function. This review will summarize the latest findings concerning the role of this micronutrient during the course of infections and inflammatory response and how the immune system modulates zinc depending on different stimuli.
Topics: Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Trace Elements; Zinc
PubMed: 28629136
DOI: 10.3390/nu9060624 -
Nutrients Jul 2023Micronutrition in pregnancy is critical to impact not only fetal growth and development but also long-term physical and psychiatric health outcomes. (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
Micronutrition in pregnancy is critical to impact not only fetal growth and development but also long-term physical and psychiatric health outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
Estimate micronutrient intake from food and dietary supplements in a diverse cohort of pregnant women and compare intake to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).
DESIGN
Secondary analysis of women enrolled in a multi-site clinical trial of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation who provided their dietary intake using the diet history questionnaire-II ( = 843) or multiple 24 h recalls ( = 178) at baseline and their intake of nutritional supplements at baseline through 30 days postpartum.
PARTICIPANTS/SETTING
1021 participants from the parent trial who had reliable data for dietary intake, supplement intake, or both.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Micronutrient intake from dietary and supplement sources and percentage of intakes meeting the DRIs for pregnancy.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED
Percent of participants whose intake was below the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI) and above the tolerable upper limit (UL).
RESULTS
Dietary intakes of choline, folate, iron, vitamin D, zinc, vitamin E, magnesium, and potassium, were below the AI or EAR for 30-91% of the participants; thiamin and vitamin B6 were also below the AI or EAR for non-Hispanic/Latina women. Supplement intake improved the intake for most; however, 80% of the group remained below the AI for choline and 52.5% for potassium while 30% remained below the EAR for magnesium. Folate and iron intakes were above the UL for 80% and 19%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Dietary supplements, despite their variability, allowed the majority of this cohort of pregnant women to achieve adequate intakes for most micronutrients. Choline, magnesium, and potassium were exceptions. Of interest, folate intake was above the tolerable UL for the majority and iron for 16.8% of the participants. Clinicians have the opportunity to address the most common nutrient deficits and limits with advice on food sources that provide choline, magnesium, and potassium and to ensure folate is not overabundant. More research is needed to determine if these findings are similar in a cross-sectional population.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Choline; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Folic Acid; Iron; Magnesium; Micronutrients; Nutritional Requirements; Potassium; Pregnant Women; Trace Elements
PubMed: 37513643
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143228 -
Pediatric Annals Nov 2019Vitamins and minerals are part of a well-balanced diet. They are essential for normal growth and development, which is especially crucial for the pediatric population.... (Review)
Review
Vitamins and minerals are part of a well-balanced diet. They are essential for normal growth and development, which is especially crucial for the pediatric population. Vitamins are divided based on their solubility into fat-soluble vitamins, which include vitamins A, D, E, and K and water-soluble vitamins, which include the B vitamins and vitamin C. Minerals include calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Trace minerals are micronutrients and include copper, zinc, selenium, chromium and manganese. The pediatrician is often the first health care provider to interface with patients, allowing them to pick up on nutritional derangements. This article reviews the basic sources, absorption, metabolism as well as the signs and symptoms that arise in deficient and toxic states of fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. [Pediatr Ann. 2019;48(11):e434-e440.].
Topics: Avitaminosis; Diet; Humans; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Vitamins
PubMed: 31710362
DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20191015-01 -
The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging Feb 2024
Topics: Humans; Aged; Micronutrients; Malnutrition; Nutritional Status; Patients; Trace Elements
PubMed: 38309108
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100174 -
Nutrition in Clinical Practice :... Jun 2023COVID-19 can lead to critical illness and induce hypermetabolism, protein catabolism, and inflammation. These pathological processes may alter energy and protein... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
COVID-19 can lead to critical illness and induce hypermetabolism, protein catabolism, and inflammation. These pathological processes may alter energy and protein requirements, and certain micronutrients may attenuate the associated detriments. This narrative review summarizes the macronutrient and micronutrient requirements and therapeutic effects in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2.
METHODS
We searched four databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and studies that measured macronutrient and micronutrient requirements, published from February 2020 to September 2022.
RESULTS
Ten articles reported on energy and protein requirements, and five articles reported the therapeutic effects of ω-3 (n = 1), group B vitamins (n = 1), and vitamin C (n = 3). Patients' resting energy expenditure gradually increased with time, measuring approximately 20 kcal/kg body weight (BW), 25 kcal/kg BW, and 30 kcal/kg BW for the first, second, and third week onwards, respectively. Patients remained in negative nitrogen balances in the first week, and a protein intake of ≥1.5 g/kg BW may be necessary to achieve nitrogen equilibrium. Preliminary evidence suggests that ω-3 fatty acids may protect against renal and respiratory impairments. The therapeutic effects of group B vitamins and vitamin C cannot be ascertained, although intravenous vitamin C appears promising in reducing mortality and inflammation.
CONCLUSION
There are no RCTs to guide the optimal dose of energy and protein in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2. Additional larger-scale, well-designed RCTs are needed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of ω-3, group B vitamins, and vitamin C.
Topics: Humans; Micronutrients; SARS-CoV-2; Critical Illness; Vitamin B Complex; Nutritional Requirements; COVID-19; Trace Elements; Ascorbic Acid; Vitamin A; Inflammation; Nitrogen
PubMed: 37010092
DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10982 -
Nature Food Jan 2024Biofortification was first proposed in the early 1990s as a low-cost, sustainable strategy to enhance the mineral and vitamin contents of staple food crops to address... (Review)
Review
Biofortification was first proposed in the early 1990s as a low-cost, sustainable strategy to enhance the mineral and vitamin contents of staple food crops to address micronutrient malnutrition. Since then, the concept and remit of biofortification has burgeoned beyond staples and solutions for low- and middle-income economies. Here we discuss what biofortification has achieved in its original manifestation and the main factors limiting the ability of biofortified crops to improve micronutrient status. We highlight the case for biofortified crops with key micronutrients, such as provitamin D/vitamin D, vitamin B and iron, for recognition of new demographics of need. Finally, we examine where and how biofortification can be integrated into the global food system to help overcome hidden hunger, improve nutrition and achieve sustainable agriculture.
Topics: Humans; Biofortification; Food, Fortified; Malnutrition; Vitamins; Micronutrients; Trace Elements
PubMed: 38168782
DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00905-8