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International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022causes dermatomycoses in giant pandas (). This study aimed to investigate the immune response of following deep infection. The degree of damage to the heart, liver,...
causes dermatomycoses in giant pandas (). This study aimed to investigate the immune response of following deep infection. The degree of damage to the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys was evaluated using tissue fungal load, organ index, and histopathological methods. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) detected the mRNA expression of receptors and cytokines in the lung, and immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry, were used to assess immune cells in the lung. The results indicated that conidia mainly colonized the lungs and caused serious injury with infection. Furthermore, dectin-1, TLR-2, and TLR-4 played a role in recognizing cells. Numerous inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages, dendritic cells, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23), were activated in the early stages of infection. With the high expression of IL-22, IL-17A, and IL-17F, the Th17 pathway exerted an adaptive immune response to infection. These results can potentially aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by in giant pandas.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Cytokines; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-23; Interleukin-6; Microsporum; RNA, Messenger; Th17 Cells; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Ursidae
PubMed: 36233337
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912037 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology May 2015Nicotine-degrading microorganisms (NDMs) are a special microbial group which can use nicotine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source for growth. Since the 1950s, the... (Review)
Review
Nicotine-degrading microorganisms (NDMs) are a special microbial group which can use nicotine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source for growth. Since the 1950s, the bioconversion of nicotine by microbes has received increasing attention, and several NDMs have been identified, such as Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, Microsporum gypseum, Pellicularia filamentosa JTS-208, and Pseudomonas sp. 41. In recent years, increasing numbers of NDMs have been isolated and identified from tobacco plantation soil, leaf, and tobacco waste. Meanwhile, the metabolic pathway and degradation mechanism of nicotine have been elucidated in several NDMs, such as A. nicotinovorans, Agrobacterium tumefaciens S33, Aspergillus oryzae, and Pseudomonas putida S16. Moreover, several NDMs have been used in improving the quality of cigarettes, treating tobacco waste, and producing valuable intermediates of nicotine. Here, we summarize the diversity, phylogenetic analysis, and potential applications of NDMs.
Topics: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Bacteria; Biotransformation; Carbon; Fungi; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Nicotine; Nitrogen; Plant Leaves; Soil Microbiology; Nicotiana
PubMed: 25805341
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6525-1 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2019In a 2012-2014 epidemiological study of feline and canine dermatophytoses in Japan, we investigated the prevalence of fungi among 296 cats and 170 dogs treated at a... (Review)
Review
In a 2012-2014 epidemiological study of feline and canine dermatophytoses in Japan, we investigated the prevalence of fungi among 296 cats and 170 dogs treated at a veterinary clinic and 51 cats and dogs at an animal shelter at Fukui City in Japan. Microsporum canis was isolated from only one cat out of the 517 animals. Also, from 2012 to 2017, we analyzed isolates from 76 cats and 15 dogs with dermatophytoses at 14 veterinary clinics across 10 prefectures in Honshu and Shikoku. M. canis was the cause for 85 of the cases and Microsporum gypseum for the other six. M. canis infection routes in cats are thought to include stray cats as well as breeding facilities and pet shops, whereas for dogs, only breeding facilities and pet shops. Tinea was found in 18.7% (14/75) of the owners of these animals. We showed that microsatellite genotyping is useful for molecular epidemiological investigations such as determination of infection routes of M. canis.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Disease Reservoirs; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Genotyping Techniques; Humans; Japan; Microsporum; Prevalence; Time Factors; Tinea
PubMed: 31155570
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.19.001 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Apr 2020The goal of this retrospective case series was to report on the clinical aspects of confirmed species and infections in cats from three animal shelters.
OBJECTIVES
The goal of this retrospective case series was to report on the clinical aspects of confirmed species and infections in cats from three animal shelters.
METHODS
This was an observational retrospective study. Fungal culture and treatment data from three animal shelters was retrospectively reviewed to identify cats with dermatophytosis caused by species or
RESULTS
Among the three shelters only four cats were diagnosed with dermatophytosis. With respect to species infections, there were six cases identified and treated in a 1 year period in one shelter, 13 cases over 13 years in the second shelter and 27 cases over 5 years in the third shelter. Four cases of dermatophytosis were treated in the third shelter. Young cats were most commonly infected and the disease was most commonly diagnosed in the fall and winter months. Lesions were inflammatory and found predominantly on the head and neck. There was a rapid response to treatment in all cases; mean (n = 20) and median (n = 17) days to mycological cure were calculated from available data. Fungal culture data revealed fomite carriage without clinical evidence of infection for species (n = 43) cats and (n = 37) cats.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
There is a paucity of clinical information about non- dermatophytosis in shelter cats. This study data shows that species and infections do occur but are uncommon. Based upon the rapid response to conventional treatment, these infections do not represent a treatment challenge, as most cats reached mycological cure within 3 weeks.
Topics: Animals; Arthrodermataceae; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dermatomycoses; Fomites; Retrospective Studies; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 31070544
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X19846987 -
Infectious Diseases 2020L'Hér. is a native plant of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar which is traditionally used for various ailments. Concerned with the scope of the available evidence, we... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
L'Hér. is a native plant of sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar which is traditionally used for various ailments. Concerned with the scope of the available evidence, we designed a scoping review to critically analyze scientific evidence on 's pharmacology, toxicity, and phytochemistry to validate its ethnomedical use.
METHODS
We searched without language restriction in MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science through December 2019. Both published and unpublished articles were assessed for relevance and reviewed.
RESULTS
Of 600 articles retrieved through database search, a total of 48 articles were finally included. The butanol extract of berries was more potent molluscicidal than aqueous extract. The berries had also miracidial, anthelmintic, antifungal activity, and antibacterial effect against , and spp. The methanol extracts of roots had an antifungal against , and was toxic to aquatic invertebrate and fish. The fishes were up to 4 times more sensitive than snails. Saponins were the main phytoconstituent isolated from berries. Terpenoid and phenolic were abundant in leaves and bark extracts.
CONCLUSIONS
Studies validated the traditional use of against snails, worms, and various bacterial and fungal infections. Limited phytochemical data call for future research to focus on isolation of compounds; test their toxicity and activity; and establish mechanism of action.
PubMed: 32782430
DOI: 10.1177/1178633720943509 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2019Four new triterpenoids, 3β,12β,16β,21β,22-pentahydroxyhopane (), 12β,16β,21β,22-tetrahydroxyhopan-3-one (), 3-oxo-olean-12-ene-28,30-dioic acid (), and...
Four new triterpenoids, 3β,12β,16β,21β,22-pentahydroxyhopane (), 12β,16β,21β,22-tetrahydroxyhopan-3-one (), 3-oxo-olean-12-ene-28,30-dioic acid (), and 3β-hydroxyoleana-11,13(18)-diene-28,30-dioic acid 30-methyl ester (); 21 new triterpenoid saponins, glinusopposides A-U (-); and 12 known compounds (-) were isolated from the whole plants of . The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. All compounds from the plants were measured for antifungal activities against and . Glinusopposide B (), glinusopposide Q (), glinusopposide T (), and glinusopposide U () showed strong inhibitory activities against (MIC 7.1, 6.7, 6.8, and 11.1 μM, respectively) and (MIC 14.3, 13.4, 11.9, and 13.0 μM, respectively). For those active compounds with an oleanane skeleton, glycosylation (-) or oxidation () of 3-OH was helpful in increasing the activity; replacement of the 30-methyl group () by a carboxymethyl group () enhanced the activity; the presence of 11,13(18) double bonds () decreased the activity.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Glycosides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microsporum; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Structure; Molluginaceae; Trichophyton; Triterpenes
PubMed: 31212847
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122206 -
Current Medical Mycology Mar 2023Dermatophytosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases. Increased resistance of dermatophytosis-causing pathogens against antidermatophytic agents highlights the...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Dermatophytosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases. Increased resistance of dermatophytosis-causing pathogens against antidermatophytic agents highlights the need for alternative medicine with higher efficiency and lower side effects. In the present study, the antifungal activities of different concentrations of methanol extract against , , and were assessed and their efficacy was evaluated in rat dermatophytosis models.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The broth microdilution and well diffusion methods were used to determine the antidermatophytic activity. The study was carried out using 40 dermatophytosis-infected adults male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups (5% and 10% ointment, terbinafine, and Vaseline) and treated with ointment until complete recovery. The percentage of wound closure was calculated for each group.
RESULTS
The results revealed that methanol extract was effective to varying extents against the tested dermatophytes. The highest inhibitory activity of was found against with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of 4 and 9 µg mL, respectively. The experiment revealed that 10% ointment significantly accelerated skin lesions reduction and completely cured , , and infections after 19, 25, and 38 days, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The methanol extract of exhibited significant antifungal activity and , suggesting that it could be used as an alternative to antidermatophytic therapy in a dose-dependent manner.
PubMed: 37867595
DOI: 10.18502/CMM.2023.150672 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... 2016Dermatophytes are classified in three genera, Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton. They have the capacity to invade keratinized tissue to produce a cutaneous...
Dermatophytes are classified in three genera, Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton. They have the capacity to invade keratinized tissue to produce a cutaneous infection known as dermatophytoses. This investigation was performed to study the effect of gaseous ozone and ozonized oil on three specific properties of six different dermatophytes. These properties included sporulation, mycelia leakage of sugar and nutrients and the activity of their hydrolytic enzymes. Generally, ozonized oil was found to be more efficacious than gaseous ozone. Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis were the most susceptible, while Trichophyton interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes were relatively resistant. The study revealed a steady decline in spore production of M. gypseum and M. canis on application of ozonated oil. An increase in leakage of electrolytes and sugar was noticed after treatment with ozonized oil in the case of M. gypseum, M. canis, T. interdigitale, T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. The results also revealed loss in urease, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lipase and keratinase enzyme producing capacity of the investigated fungi.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Electrolytes; Enzyme Activation; Fungal Proteins; Humans; Mycelium; Ozone; Permeability; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 27287337
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.014 -
Mycoses Aug 2020Tinea capitis (TC) is an infection of the scalp hair due to dermatophytes. Most commonly seen in prepubescent children, but data of adults tinea capitis (ATC) in China... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Tinea capitis (TC) is an infection of the scalp hair due to dermatophytes. Most commonly seen in prepubescent children, but data of adults tinea capitis (ATC) in China mainland are limited.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to evaluate epidemiological, clinical and mycological characteristics of ATC in China from 2000 to 2019.
METHODS
We retrospectively analysed all ATC reported cases in China mainland, confirmed by mycological examination, by searching PubMed, Wanfang, Weipu and CNKI database.
RESULTS
In sum, 40 papers involving 269 clinical cases were included. The average morbidity of ATC was calculated as 9.04% after standardisation. The sex ratio is 1:5.2 (31 male, 163 female); 76 people between 18 and 44 age level and 137 people between 45 and 89 age level were diagnosed as ATC. Culture or ITS sequencing identified Trichophyton violaceum in 70 cases (35.2%), Microsporum canis in 42 cases (21.1%), Trichophyton mentagrophyte in 32 cases (16.1%), Trichophyton rubrum in 23 cases (11.5%), Microsporum gypseum in 18 cases (9.0%), Trichophyton tonsurans in 6 cases (3.0%), Trichophyton schoenleini in 4 cases (2.0%), Epidermophyton floccosum in 2 cases (1.0%), Trichophyton verrucosum and Microsporum ferrugineum in one case (0.5%). ATC was easily to be diagnosed as furfur, seborrhoeic dermatitis (13%) or pustular and dermatocellulitis (11.15%).Six immunocompromised persons were recorded (2.2%).
CONCLUSIONS
ATC mainly involves postmenopausal women. Trichophyton violaceum, M canis, T mentagrophyte remain the most common aetiological agent of ATC in China. Trichophyton rubrum own the much higher frequency in ATC than in children. For diversified clinical manifestations, recognising ATC profiles will help clinicians avoid misdiagnosis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthrodermataceae; China; Dermatomycoses; Female; Humans; Male; Microsporum; Middle Aged; Morbidity; Postmenopause; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Tinea Capitis; Young Adult
PubMed: 32395886
DOI: 10.1111/myc.13102 -
Laboratory Medicine Apr 2019Rhizopus stolonifer is an opportunistic fungus that causes respiratory infections, sinusitis, and otomycosis. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum cause...
BACKGROUND
Rhizopus stolonifer is an opportunistic fungus that causes respiratory infections, sinusitis, and otomycosis. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum cause athlete's foot, ringworm, and nail infections. Previous research has shown that some essential oils inhibit fungal growth.
METHODS
We investigated the effects of 0.5% and 1% concentrations of Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum verum, Citrus paradisi, and Capsicum annuum extracts on the growth of R. stolonifer and T. mentagrophytes. The combined effects also were determined at 0.5% concentration for these fungal species and for M. gypseum. Fungal species were grown in flasks, along with growth media, for 7, 14, and 21 days, with each species of essential oil or combination of oils and mass determined and compared to its control.
RESULTS
Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum verum, and Citrus paradisi had overall significant inhibitory effects (P ≤.05) on R. stolonifer and T. mentagrophytes. C. annuum significantly (P ≤.05) inhibited the growth of T. mentagrophytes and enhanced that of R. stolonifer. The combination of essential oils resulted in inhibition of growth (P ≤.05) at similar percentages as R. officinalis, C. verum, and C. paradisi only.
CONCLUSION
Essential oils such as Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum verum, and Citrus paradisi may be useful for treating opportunistic and dermatophytic fungal diseases.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microsporum; Oils, Volatile; Rhizopus; Trichophyton
PubMed: 30690523
DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmy080