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Veterinary World Sep 2015The ringworms of pet dogs, cats, and stray animals (dogs, cats, and other animals) could be a potential source of zoonotic infections causing a serious public health...
AIM
The ringworms of pet dogs, cats, and stray animals (dogs, cats, and other animals) could be a potential source of zoonotic infections causing a serious public health problem in the busy city Kolkata. The pet owners are more susceptible to get this infection from their pets, because of the close contact with them as dermatophytosis is very much prevalent in those pets. So, this study was aimed to check the prevalence of dermatophytosis in dogs, cats, and in pet owners.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 362 clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis from dogs (123 in number), cats (202 in number), and human beings (37 in number) were collected and studied from in and around Kolkata to detect the presence of significant dermatophytes. Direct microscopy and cultural examination of the isolates were performed following standard methodology. Identification and characterization of the isolates were done by different biochemical tests.
RESULTS
Samples (n=285) having significant dermatophytic fungal infections were found to be of highest number in cats (158, 55.5%) than in dogs (108, 37.8%) and humans (19, 6.7%), respectively. The incidence of Microsporum canis (60.0%) was the highest from affecting dogs, cats, and human beings in comparison to Microsporum gypseum (22.5%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (15.8%) and Trichophyton rubrum (1.7%). Detection of T. rubrum was only from human cases in this study, whereas the presence of rest three were slightly higher in cats than that of the dogs and humans in this present study. The incidences were higher in young animals and in humans of the age group of 21-30 years, during the rainy season (from April to August) and also in in-contact human beings.
CONCLUSION
M. canis was the most commonly pathogen among all causing dermatophytosis in animals and also in the pet owners. M. gypseum and T. mentagrophytes were other pathogens associated with these infections. These infections were more prevalent in the rainy seasons and in in-contact human patients or pet owners.
PubMed: 27047202
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1078-1082 -
Natural Products and Bioprospecting Aug 2022A new seco-anthraquinone, crispuside A (1), and three new 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-ones, napthalenones A-C (2-4), were isolated from the roots of Rumex crispus L.,...
A new seco-anthraquinone, crispuside A (1), and three new 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-ones, napthalenones A-C (2-4), were isolated from the roots of Rumex crispus L., along with 10 known anthraquinones (6-14) and naphthalenone (5). Their structures were fully determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including ECD, and X-ray crystallography in case of compound 5, whose absolute configuration was determined for the first time. The isolates 1, 6-14 were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal activity against three skin fungi, e.g., Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Microsporum gypseum. Most of the isolates showed weak anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory activity. Only compound 9 exhibited obvious anti-fungal activity against E. floccosum (MIC = 2.467 ± 0.03 μM) and M. gypseum (MIC = 4.673 ± 0.077 μM), while the MIC values of the positive control terbinafine were 1.287 ± 0.012 and 0.077 ± 0.00258 μM, respectively. The results indicated that simple emodin type anthraquinone is more potential against skin fungi than its oxyglucosyl, C-glucosyl and glycosylated seco analogues.
PubMed: 35918556
DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00350-3 -
Current Medical Mycology Mar 2023Dermatophytosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases. Increased resistance of dermatophytosis-causing pathogens against antidermatophytic agents highlights the...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Dermatophytosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases. Increased resistance of dermatophytosis-causing pathogens against antidermatophytic agents highlights the need for alternative medicine with higher efficiency and lower side effects. In the present study, the antifungal activities of different concentrations of methanol extract against , , and were assessed and their efficacy was evaluated in rat dermatophytosis models.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The broth microdilution and well diffusion methods were used to determine the antidermatophytic activity. The study was carried out using 40 dermatophytosis-infected adults male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups (5% and 10% ointment, terbinafine, and Vaseline) and treated with ointment until complete recovery. The percentage of wound closure was calculated for each group.
RESULTS
The results revealed that methanol extract was effective to varying extents against the tested dermatophytes. The highest inhibitory activity of was found against with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of 4 and 9 µg mL, respectively. The experiment revealed that 10% ointment significantly accelerated skin lesions reduction and completely cured , , and infections after 19, 25, and 38 days, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The methanol extract of exhibited significant antifungal activity and , suggesting that it could be used as an alternative to antidermatophytic therapy in a dose-dependent manner.
PubMed: 37867595
DOI: 10.18502/CMM.2023.150672 -
Laboratory Medicine Apr 2019Rhizopus stolonifer is an opportunistic fungus that causes respiratory infections, sinusitis, and otomycosis. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum cause...
BACKGROUND
Rhizopus stolonifer is an opportunistic fungus that causes respiratory infections, sinusitis, and otomycosis. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum cause athlete's foot, ringworm, and nail infections. Previous research has shown that some essential oils inhibit fungal growth.
METHODS
We investigated the effects of 0.5% and 1% concentrations of Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum verum, Citrus paradisi, and Capsicum annuum extracts on the growth of R. stolonifer and T. mentagrophytes. The combined effects also were determined at 0.5% concentration for these fungal species and for M. gypseum. Fungal species were grown in flasks, along with growth media, for 7, 14, and 21 days, with each species of essential oil or combination of oils and mass determined and compared to its control.
RESULTS
Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum verum, and Citrus paradisi had overall significant inhibitory effects (P ≤.05) on R. stolonifer and T. mentagrophytes. C. annuum significantly (P ≤.05) inhibited the growth of T. mentagrophytes and enhanced that of R. stolonifer. The combination of essential oils resulted in inhibition of growth (P ≤.05) at similar percentages as R. officinalis, C. verum, and C. paradisi only.
CONCLUSION
Essential oils such as Rosmarinus officinalis, Cinnamomum verum, and Citrus paradisi may be useful for treating opportunistic and dermatophytic fungal diseases.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microsporum; Oils, Volatile; Rhizopus; Trichophyton
PubMed: 30690523
DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmy080 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Jun 2021Microsporum gypseum is a keratinophilic fungi grouped under dermatophytes infecting skin, hair and nail portions in human and animals causing tinea corporis, tinea facei...
Microsporum gypseum is a keratinophilic fungi grouped under dermatophytes infecting skin, hair and nail portions in human and animals causing tinea corporis, tinea facei and tinea capitis. As both human and fungi are eukaryotes, the available drugs for treating dermatophytes produce some side effects due to drug interaction with human also. Apart from this, the gut microbiota has a very big role in the health of human which should not be affected by the drugs. Hence this study focused on finding a target which is unique and essential to M. gypseum and non-homologous to human and gut microbiota, non-homologous to human domain architecture, highly interacting with other proteins, sub-cellular localization of proteins and non-druggability analysis of the targets using subtractive proteomics approach which resulted with 3 novel drug targets from M. gypseum which were modeled using I-TASSER, refined by ModRefiner and validated by PROCHECK. Further these targets were docked with compounds identified through LC-MS of fractioned methanol extract of B. aegyptiaca fruit pulp using Glide module and the stability of the docked complex was analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation using Desmond module of Schrodinger. Cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoside had better interaction with all the targets and Taurocholic acid had better result with ECCP which suggests the multi-targeting potency of these two compounds against M. gypseum which has to be confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Balanites; Dermatomycoses; Fungal Proteins; Humans; Molecular Docking Simulation; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 33549764
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104755 -
Journal of Natural Products May 2021Seven new polyketides including a phenol (), two diphenyl ethers ( and ), two depsidones ( and ), and two phthalides ( and ) were isolated from the fungus PSU-MF16...
Seven new polyketides including a phenol (), two diphenyl ethers ( and ), two depsidones ( and ), and two phthalides ( and ) were isolated from the fungus PSU-MF16 along with 27 known compounds. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of and - were established using comparative analyses of calculated and experimental ECD spectra. Among the new metabolites, exhibited the best antimicrobial activity against , methicillin-resistant , and with equal MIC values of 16 μg/mL. In addition, known emeguisin A displayed potent antimicrobial activity against , methicillin-resistant , and with equal MIC values of 0.5 μg/mL, compared with the standard drugs, vancomycin and amphotericin B. The structure-activity relationship study of the isolated compounds for antimicrobial activity is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Aspergillus; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cryptococcus neoformans; Dysidea; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Polyketides; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thailand; Vero Cells
PubMed: 33861594
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01308 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2016Dermatophytoses are among the most frequently diagnosed skin infections worldwide. However, the distribution of pathogenic species and the predominating anatomical sites...
Dermatophytoses are among the most frequently diagnosed skin infections worldwide. However, the distribution of pathogenic species and the predominating anatomical sites of infection vary with geographical location and change over time. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological and aetiological factors of dermatophytoses in Crete, Greece over the last 5-year period (2011-2015) and their incidence in relation to the gender and the age of the patients. We compared our findings with those previously reported from the same area and from other parts of the world. A total of 2,910 clinical specimens (skin scrapings, nail clippings, and hair specimens) obtained from 2,751 patients with signs of dermatomycoses were examined using direct microscopy and culture. Overall, 294 specimens (10.1%) were proved mycologically positive for dermatophytes. The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 86 years (mean age, 37 years). Tinea corporis was the predominant clinical type of infection, followed by tinea unguium, tinea pedis, tinea capitis, tinea faciei, tinea cruris and tinea manuum. Among dermatophytes, eight species were isolated: Microsporum canis (35.8%), Trichophyton rubrum (35.1%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (23.3%), Epidermophyton floccosum (2.5%), Microsporum gypseum (1.8%), Trichophyton violaceum (0.7%), Trichophyton verrucosum (0.4%), and Trichophyton tonsurans (0.4%). In our area, the most common dermatophyte was M. canis followed by T. rubrum. Increased migration, mass tourism, and climate changes will contribute to further changes in the epidemiology of dermatophytoses in our area. Continuing studies are necessary for determining the new epidemiological trends and to implement the appropriate control measures.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Epidermophyton; Female; Greece; Humans; Male; Microsporum; Middle Aged; Sex Distribution; Time Factors; Tinea; Trichophyton; Young Adult
PubMed: 27904054
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.16-00008 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2019Four new triterpenoids, 3β,12β,16β,21β,22-pentahydroxyhopane (), 12β,16β,21β,22-tetrahydroxyhopan-3-one (), 3-oxo-olean-12-ene-28,30-dioic acid (), and...
Four new triterpenoids, 3β,12β,16β,21β,22-pentahydroxyhopane (), 12β,16β,21β,22-tetrahydroxyhopan-3-one (), 3-oxo-olean-12-ene-28,30-dioic acid (), and 3β-hydroxyoleana-11,13(18)-diene-28,30-dioic acid 30-methyl ester (); 21 new triterpenoid saponins, glinusopposides A-U (-); and 12 known compounds (-) were isolated from the whole plants of . The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the analysis of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. All compounds from the plants were measured for antifungal activities against and . Glinusopposide B (), glinusopposide Q (), glinusopposide T (), and glinusopposide U () showed strong inhibitory activities against (MIC 7.1, 6.7, 6.8, and 11.1 μM, respectively) and (MIC 14.3, 13.4, 11.9, and 13.0 μM, respectively). For those active compounds with an oleanane skeleton, glycosylation (-) or oxidation () of 3-OH was helpful in increasing the activity; replacement of the 30-methyl group () by a carboxymethyl group () enhanced the activity; the presence of 11,13(18) double bonds () decreased the activity.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Glycosides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microsporum; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Structure; Molluginaceae; Trichophyton; Triterpenes
PubMed: 31212847
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122206 -
Mycopathologia Dec 2017Microsporum gypseum complex is a group of geophillic dermatophytes with a worldwide distribution and is a rare cause of dermatomycoses in humans. The infection most...
Microsporum gypseum complex is a group of geophillic dermatophytes with a worldwide distribution and is a rare cause of dermatomycoses in humans. The infection most commonly presents as tinea corporis, with some geographical and occupational variations. We studied M. gypseum complex infections in patients examined in the Mycological Laboratory of the Department of Dermatovenereology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, during the period 2000-2015. Diagnosis was confirmed by mycological examination. Skin scales were examined by direct microscopy and cultivated on Sabouraud glucose agar. A total of 226 patients were identified, representing 1.5% of all dermatophyte infections during the study period. Tinea corporis was diagnosed in majority of patients, followed by tinea manus, tinea faciei, tinea inguinalis and tinea pedis. Tinea capitis was observed in three and onychomycosis in two patients only. Infection was disseminated on different parts of the body in nine patients. In 39% of patients, infection was diagnosed in children younger than 9 years. Face and scalp infection was more often observed in children. The incidence was the highest during July and October. Contacts with soil and domestic animals were often reported. Data on the prevalence and clinical characteristics of M. gypseum complex infection in other countries are reviewed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Face; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Microsporum; Middle Aged; Onychomycosis; Scalp; Skin; Slovenia; Soil Microbiology; Tinea; Young Adult
PubMed: 28840426
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0194-9 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology 2021Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in chronic unresponsive dermatophytosis. A study was conducted to quantify the proportion of patients with chronic...
BACKGROUND
Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in chronic unresponsive dermatophytosis. A study was conducted to quantify the proportion of patients with chronic dermatophytosis and to determine the clinico-mycological predictors of chronicity including antifungal susceptibility.
METHODS
Hospital-based cross-sectional study design was adopted. Four hundred and twenty-five patients were studied. The outcome variable was chronic dermatophytosis and the determinants were clinico-mycological characteristics. Chi-square and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.
RESULTS
Chronic dermatophytosis was seen in 29.4%. Past history of dermatophytosis, OR 0.44 (95% CI 0.28-0.68); family history of dermatophytosis, OR 1.66 (95% CI 1.06-2.56); HIV infection, OR 9.88 (95% CI 1.09-89.33); treatment with topical antifungals, OR 2.4 (95% CI 1.5-3.9); systemic antifungals, OR 3.9 (95% CI 2.5-6.1); topical steroids, OR 2.02 (95% CI 1.25-3.25); multiple-site infection, OR 1.97 (95% CI 1.24-3.13); and tinea unguium, OR 6.52 (95% CI 2.89-14.7) were the significant determinants. (73.6%) was the most common isolate followed by and (13.2%) each. A percentage of 77.4 of the isolates were resistant-73.6% isolates to terbinafine and 3.8% isolates to fluconazole. None of the isolates were resistant to itraconazole.
CONCLUSION
Significant determinants were host-related factors. Thorough history taking, patient examination, and education can improve the present scenario. Microbiological resistance was not a significant predictor. High proportion of resistant strains should be an eye opener. Developing and adopting a standard uniform treatment protocol throughout the country should be the need of the hour.
PubMed: 34446965
DOI: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_283_20