-
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Dec 2018Mineralized "hard" tissues of the skeleton possess unique biomechanical properties to support the body weight and movement and act as a source of essential minerals... (Review)
Review
Mineralized "hard" tissues of the skeleton possess unique biomechanical properties to support the body weight and movement and act as a source of essential minerals required for critical body functions. For a long time, extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization in the vertebrate skeleton was considered as a passive process. However, the explosion of genetic studies during the past decades has established that this process is essentially controlled by multiple genetic pathways. These pathways regulate the homeostasis of ionic calcium and inorganic phosphate-two mineral components required for bone mineral formation, the synthesis of mineral scaffolding ECM, and the maintainence of the levels of the inhibitory organic and inorganic molecules controlling the process of mineral crystal formation and its growth. More recently, intracellular enzyme regulators of skeletal tissue mineralization have been identified. The current review will discuss the key determinants of ECM mineralization in bone and propose a unified model explaining this process.
Topics: Bone and Bones; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Extracellular Matrix; Fibril-Associated Collagens; Homeostasis; Humans; Phosphates
PubMed: 29610149
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031229 -
European Journal of Cancer Care Nov 2017During life, bone undergoes modelling and remodelling in order to grow or change shape. Bone modelling is the process by which bones change shape or size in response to... (Review)
Review
During life, bone undergoes modelling and remodelling in order to grow or change shape. Bone modelling is the process by which bones change shape or size in response to physiologic influences or mechanical forces that are encountered by the skeleton, while bone remodelling takes place so that bone may maintain its strength and mineral homeostasis. During early childhood, both bone modelling (the formation and shaping of bone) and bone remodelling (the replacement or renewal of old bone) occur. The predominant process in childhood is bone modelling, while in adulthood bone remodelling predominates. The exception to this is after a fracture when we see massive increases in bone formation. During childhood and adolescence growth occurs in the bones longitudinally and radially, while in the growth plates it occurs longitudinally, thus promoting growth in size. Cartilage first proliferates in the epiphyseal and metaphyseal areas of long bones before undergoing mineralisation to form new bone.
Topics: Bone Development; Bone Remodeling; Bone Resorption; Calcification, Physiologic; Cartilage; Humans; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Osteocytes; Osteogenesis; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 28786518
DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12740 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2016Biomineralization is a dynamic, complex, lifelong process by which living organisms control precipitations of inorganic nanocrystals within organic matrices to form... (Review)
Review
Biomineralization is a dynamic, complex, lifelong process by which living organisms control precipitations of inorganic nanocrystals within organic matrices to form unique hybrid biological tissues, for example, enamel, dentin, cementum, and bone. Understanding the process of mineral deposition is important for the development of treatments for mineralization-related diseases and also for the innovation and development of scaffolds. This review provides a thorough overview of the up-to-date information on the theories describing the possible mechanisms and the factors implicated as agonists and antagonists of mineralization. Then, the role of calcium and phosphate ions in the maintenance of teeth and bone health is described. Throughout the life, teeth and bone are at risk of demineralization, with particular emphasis on teeth, due to their anatomical arrangement and location. Teeth are exposed to food, drink, and the microbiota of the mouth; therefore, they have developed a high resistance to localized demineralization that is unmatched by bone. The mechanisms by which demineralization-remineralization process occurs in both teeth and bone and the new therapies/technologies that reverse demineralization or boost remineralization are also scrupulously discussed. Technologies discussed include composites with nano- and micron-sized inorganic minerals that can mimic mechanical properties of the tooth and bone in addition to promoting more natural repair of surrounding tissues. Turning these new technologies to products and practices would improve health care worldwide.
Topics: Bone and Bones; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Humans; Phosphates; Tooth; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Remineralization
PubMed: 27695330
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S107624 -
Matrix Biology : Journal of the... 2016The skeleton is unique from all other tissues in the body because of its ability to mineralize. The incorporation of mineral into bones and teeth is essential to give... (Review)
Review
The skeleton is unique from all other tissues in the body because of its ability to mineralize. The incorporation of mineral into bones and teeth is essential to give them strength and structure for body support and function. For years, researchers have wondered how mineralized tissues form and repair. A major focus in this context has been on the role of the extracellular matrix, which harbors key regulators of the mineralization process. In this introductory minireview, we will review some key concepts of matrix biology as it related to mineralized tissues. Concurrently, we will highlight the subject of this special issue covering many aspects of mineralized tissues, including bones and teeth and their associated structures cartilage and tendon. Areas of emphasis are on the generation and analysis of new animal models with permutations of matrix components as well as the development of new approaches for tissue engineering for repair of damaged hard tissue. In assembling key topics on mineralized tissues written by leaders in our field, we hope the reader will get a broad view of the topic and all of its fascinating complexities.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Calcification, Physiologic; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Models, Animal; Tissue Engineering; Tooth; Tooth Calcification
PubMed: 27131884
DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.04.003 -
Calcified Tissue International Jan 2021Inorganic phosphate is a vital constituent of cells and cell membranes, body fluids, and hard tissues. It is a major intracellular divalent anion, participates in many... (Review)
Review
Inorganic phosphate is a vital constituent of cells and cell membranes, body fluids, and hard tissues. It is a major intracellular divalent anion, participates in many genetic, energy and intermediary metabolic pathways, and is important for bone health. Although we usually think of phosphate mostly in terms of its level in the serum, it is needed for many biological and structural functions of the body. Availability of adequate calcium and inorganic phosphate in the right proportions at the right place is essential for proper acquisition, biomineralization, and maintenance of mass and strength of the skeleton. The three specialized mineralized tissues, bones, teeth, and ossicles, differ from all other tissues in the human body because of their unique ability to mineralize, and the degree and process of mineralization in these tissues also differ to suit the specific functions: locomotion, chewing, and hearing, respectively. Biomineralization is a dynamic, complex, and lifelong process by which precipitations of inorganic calcium and inorganic phosphate divalent ions form biological hard tissues. Understanding the biomineralization process is important for the management of diseases caused by both defective and abnormal mineralization. Hypophosphatemia results in mineralization defects and osteomalacia, and hyperphosphatemia is implicated in abnormal excess calcification and/or ossification, but the exact mechanisms underlying these processes are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize available evidence on the role of phosphate in biomineralization. Other manuscripts in this issue of the journal deal with other relevant aspects of phosphate homeostasis, phosphate signaling and sensing, and disorders resulting from hypo- and hyperphosphatemic states.
Topics: Biomineralization; Bone and Bones; Calcification, Physiologic; Humans; Hyperphosphatemia; Hypophosphatemia; Phosphates
PubMed: 32712778
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00729-9 -
JAMA Pediatrics May 2020
Topics: Calcification, Physiologic; Child; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Minerals; Pregnancy; Reference Standards; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 32091553
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.6102 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Oct 2015
Topics: Animals; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcinosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Minerals; Models, Biological
PubMed: 26687589
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.11.010 -
European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry Dec 2016Tooth development and mineralisation are processes that derive from different tissues interactions, in particular ectodermal and mesenchymal layers. These interactions... (Review)
Review
Tooth development and mineralisation are processes that derive from different tissues interactions, in particular ectodermal and mesenchymal layers. These interactions are responsible for the formation of unique structures with a particular chemical composition. Despite differences, mineralised tissues are similar and they derive by highly concerted extracellular processes that involve matrix proteins, proteases, and mineral ion fluxes that collectively regulate the nucleation, growth and organisation of forming mineral crystals. This review aims at explaining mineralisation, its stages and when damage occurs and alters the hard tissues structure.
Topics: Calcification, Physiologic; Humans; Odontogenesis; Tooth Abnormalities
PubMed: 28045323
DOI: No ID Found -
Science Advances Jul 2016Calcifying marine phytoplankton-coccolithophores- are some of the most successful yet enigmatic organisms in the ocean and are at risk from global change. To better... (Review)
Review
Calcifying marine phytoplankton-coccolithophores- are some of the most successful yet enigmatic organisms in the ocean and are at risk from global change. To better understand how they will be affected, we need to know "why" coccolithophores calcify. We review coccolithophorid evolutionary history and cell biology as well as insights from recent experiments to provide a critical assessment of the costs and benefits of calcification. We conclude that calcification has high energy demands and that coccolithophores might have calcified initially to reduce grazing pressure but that additional benefits such as protection from photodamage and viral/bacterial attack further explain their high diversity and broad spectrum ecology. The cost-benefit aspect of these traits is illustrated by novel ecosystem modeling, although conclusive observations remain limited. In the future ocean, the trade-off between changing ecological and physiological costs of calcification and their benefits will ultimately decide how this important group is affected by ocean acidification and global warming.
Topics: Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium Carbonate; Ecosystem; Global Warming; Haptophyta; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oceans and Seas; Photosynthesis; Seawater
PubMed: 27453937
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501822 -
Acta Biomaterialia Sep 2014
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Bone and Bones; Calcification, Physiologic; Humans; Minerals; Rats
PubMed: 24932770
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.06.014