-
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Jul 2022The carcinogenicity and developmental toxicity of unrefined mineral oil is related to its 3-7 ring polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) content. Therefore, refining...
The carcinogenicity and developmental toxicity of unrefined mineral oil is related to its 3-7 ring polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) content. Therefore, refining operations focus on the targeted removal PAC from mineral oil that may contain aromatics of low toxicological concern. There are thus, two types of aromatic substances in mineral oil: hazardous and non-hazardous. The first type consists of 3-7 ring PAC which may be naked (unsubstituted) or lowly alkylated. The second type or non-hazardous consists of 1-7 ring aromatics with high degree of alkylation or lack of bay or fjord regions. Although these are toxicologically different, they may both elute in the same fraction when using chromatography. To understand how these two aromatic types are related we have assessed the entire mineral oil refinement process by measuring total mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) content by chromatography next to regulatory hazard tests which focus on 3-7 ring PAC. MOAH content is positively correlated to its molecular weight resulting in aromatic content bias for high viscosity substances. Hazard to 3-7 ring PAC is best controlled by the validated IP346 or modified Ames test. We explain the concept of high vs low alkylation by shortly reviewing new data on alkylated PAC.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Carcinogens; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Mineral Oil; Minerals; Oils; Polycyclic Compounds
PubMed: 35618173
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105193 -
Toxicology Letters Oct 2017Mineral oils and waxes used in cosmetic products, also referred to as "personal care products" outside the European Union, are mixtures of predominantly saturated... (Review)
Review
Mineral oils and waxes used in cosmetic products, also referred to as "personal care products" outside the European Union, are mixtures of predominantly saturated hydrocarbons consisting of straight-chain, branched and ring structures with carbon chain lengths greater than C16. They are used in skin and lip care cosmetic products due to their excellent skin tolerance as well as their high protecting and cleansing performance and broad viscosity options. Recently, concerns have been raised regarding potential adverse health effects of mineral oils and waxes from dermal application of cosmetics. In order to be able to assess the risk for the consumer the dermal penetration potential of these ingredients has to be evaluated. The scope and objective of this review are to identify and summarize publicly available literature on the dermal penetration of mineral oils and waxes as used in cosmetic products. For this purpose, a comprehensive literature search was conducted. A total of 13 in vivo (human, animal) and in vitro studies investigating the dermal penetration of mineral oils and waxes has been identified and analysed. The majority of the substances were dermally adsorbed to the stratum corneum and only a minor fraction reached deeper skin layers. Overall, there is no evidence from the various studies that mineral oils and waxes are percutaneously absorbed and become systemically available. Thus, given the absence of dermal uptake, mineral oils and waxes as used in cosmetic products do not present a risk to the health of the consumer.
Topics: Cosmetics; Humans; Mineral Oil; Skin Absorption; Waxes
PubMed: 28789996
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.899 -
Toxics Nov 2021Spilled mineral oils in the marine environment pose a number of challenges to sampling and analysis. Mineral oils are complex assemblages of hydrocarbons and additives,... (Review)
Review
Spilled mineral oils in the marine environment pose a number of challenges to sampling and analysis. Mineral oils are complex assemblages of hydrocarbons and additives, the composition of which can vary considerably depending on the source oil and product specifications. Further, the marine microbial and chemical environment can be harsh and variable over short times and distances, producing a rigorous source of hydrocarbon degradation of a mineral oil assemblage. Researchers must ensure that any measurements used to determine the nature and extent of the oil release, the fate and transport of the mineral oil constituents, and any resultant toxicological effects are derived using representative data that adhere to the study's data quality objectives (DQOs). The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance for crafting obtainable DQOs and provide insights into producing reliable results that properly underpin researchers' findings when scrutinized by others.
PubMed: 34822693
DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110302 -
Pest Management Science Aug 2014Mineral oils are increasingly sprayed to manage potato virus Y (PVY). However, the mode of accumulation and movement of mineral oil in the potato plant has not been...
BACKGROUND
Mineral oils are increasingly sprayed to manage potato virus Y (PVY). However, the mode of accumulation and movement of mineral oil in the potato plant has not been understood. This information is important for optimisation of the concentration and frequency of spraying. During the 2012 season, cvs Russet Burbank and Shepody were planted in the field and in the greenhouse, respectively, and were subjected to mineral oil treatments. The plant samples from the treatment plots were collected, and oil was extracted and quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
Mineral oil stayed in the vicinity of the sprayed leaves and did not move from leaflet to leaflet or from leaflet to stem, stolon, tuber or root. Following spraying, the oil content in the plant leaves diluted as time progressed. At plant maturity, leaves sampled from the greenhouse sprayed plants had about 4 times more oil content than those sampled from the field sprayed plants. Plots treated with regular spray of mineral oil showed low PVY incidences at crop harvest.
CONCLUSION
The information generated in this study on the pattern of accumulation and movement of mineral oil in greenhouse- and field-grown potato plants shows that, as the oil does not move from leaflet to leaflet, frequent mineral oil sprays from crop emergence to harvest are required to prevent PVY infection in newly emerged leaflets and seasonal spread of PVY. The frequency of sprays may be kept higher from early to mid-stage, when plant growth is faster, and lower close to plant maturity.
Topics: Animals; Aphids; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; Mineral Oil; Plant Diseases; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Plant Stems; Potyvirus; Solanum tuberosum
PubMed: 24339355
DOI: 10.1002/ps.3682 -
Food Chemistry Feb 2022A rapid and solvent-saving method, based on microwave-assisted saponification (MAS) followed by epoxidation and on-line liquid chromatography (LC) - gas chromatography...
Optimization and validation of microwave assisted saponification (MAS) followed by epoxidation for high-sensitivity determination of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in extra virgin olive oil.
A rapid and solvent-saving method, based on microwave-assisted saponification (MAS) followed by epoxidation and on-line liquid chromatography (LC) - gas chromatography (GC) - flame ionization detection (FID), was optimized and validated for high-sensitivity MOAH determination in extra virgin olive oils. Quantitative recoveries and good repeatability were obtained even at concentrations of added mineral oils close to the LOQ (0.5 mg/kg for the total hump, 0.2 mg/kg for each single C-fraction). The validated method, also applied for MOSH determination (C-fraction LOQ: 0.5 mg/kg), was used to analyse 18 extra virgin olive oils from the Italian market or oil mills, and 10 additional samples extracted in the laboratory (with an Abencor apparatus) from hand-picked olives. The former resulted contaminated with variable amounts of MOSH and MOAH (on average 19.0 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively), while the latter showed no detectable MOAH, and low and rather constant MOSH (generally below 2.0 mg/kg).
Topics: Food Contamination; Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Microwaves; Mineral Oil; Olive Oil
PubMed: 34624693
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130966 -
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and... May 2023Estrogen is well-known for preparing uterine receptivity. However, its roles in regulating embryo development and implantation are unclear. Our objective was to...
PURPOSE
Estrogen is well-known for preparing uterine receptivity. However, its roles in regulating embryo development and implantation are unclear. Our objective was to characterize estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) in human and mouse embryos and determine the effect of estradiol (E) supplementation on pre- and peri-implantation blastocyst development.
METHODS
Mouse embryos, 8-cell through hatched blastocyst stages, and human embryonic days 5-7 blastocysts were stained for ESR1 and imaged using confocal microscopy. We then treated 8-cell mouse embryos with 8 nM E during in vitro culture (IVC) and examined embryo morphokinetics, blastocyst development, and cell allocation into the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE). Finally, we disrupted ESR1, using ICI 182,780, and evaluated peri-implantation development.
RESULTS
ESR1 exhibits nuclear localization in early blastocysts followed by aggregation, predominantly in the TE of hatching and hatched blastocysts, in human and mouse embryos. During IVC, most E was absorbed by the mineral oil, and no effect on embryo development was found. When IVC was performed without an oil overlay, embryos treated with E exhibited increased blastocyst development and ICM:TE ratio. Additionally, embryos treated with ICI 182,780 had significantly decreased trophoblast outgrowth during extended embryo culture.
CONCLUSION
Similar ESR1 localization in mouse and human blastocysts suggests a conserved role in blastocyst development. These mechanisms may be underappreciated due to the use of mineral oil during conventional IVC. This work provides important context for how estrogenic toxicants may impact reproductive health and offers an avenue to further optimize human-assisted reproductive technology (ART) to treat infertility.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Animals; Fulvestrant; Mineral Oil; Embryonic Development; Blastocyst; Estrogens
PubMed: 37017886
DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02783-2 -
Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A,... Feb 2018Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) can be found in detectable levels in a multitude of foodstuffs. Therefore, chemical analysis of food for MOH gains importance. Different... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) can be found in detectable levels in a multitude of foodstuffs. Therefore, chemical analysis of food for MOH gains importance. Different proficiency testing (PT) rounds on mineral oil testing have been performed in different matrices: cereals and rice as well as cardboard samples were examined. The laboratories participating in the PT rounds had to follow specific requirements for examination. The sample materials used contained different concentrations of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). The PT results were statistically evaluated according to ISO 13528:2005 and additionally the HorRat(R) value was calculated to gain information on the comparability of the mineral oil testing. It could be shown that for the examined sample materials and under the chosen specifications for testing a comparable determination of the mineral oil content is possible within the required relative standard deviations. A useful analytical determination can be achieved with an acceptable relative standard deviation of <50% from a concentration of defined mineral oil fractions at ≥1 mg/kg in food. In the concentration range for MOH in food of between 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, relative standard deviations of 20-40% were achieved. MOH concentrations of ≥ 2 mg/kg food were determined with good relative standard deviations of around 20%. Moreover, due to the results gained within this work a statement concerning the comparability for MOSH and MOAH contents below concentrations of 1 mg/kg food is possible: under the chosen conditions for examination as part of this work, mineral oil determination below 1 mg/kg food showed high variability. To gain reliable information with regard to consumer protection on the risk of mineral oil contents in this low concentration range further standardisation of the test method is indicated.
Topics: Edible Grain; Food Contamination; Mineral Oil; Oryza
PubMed: 29095130
DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1400185 -
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology Apr 2021To utilize a matrix of single-fiber hair testing methodologies to mechanistically understand the impact of common oiling treatments-coconut oil and mineral oil-on hair...
AIM
To utilize a matrix of single-fiber hair testing methodologies to mechanistically understand the impact of common oiling treatments-coconut oil and mineral oil-on hair strands. Further, the effect of hair twisting-experienced in everyday grooming practices-on hair strength was investigated under different scenarios.
METHODS
Study involved multiple surfactant wash cycles of hair swatches with and without overnight hair oil treatments. Instrumental testing was done on strands from hair swatches-Tensile Extension, Torsional Stretching, and Tensile Extension of twisted hair fibers.
RESULTS
Differentiation was observed in tensile and torsional testing parameters with 20 wash cycles, while no statistical significance was observed in single wash. However, when we combine the two stresses together by extending the twisted hair strands, a clear differentiation was seen even in single cycle for coconut oil in comparison with mineral oil and surfactant wash. The differentiation in tensile parameters for twisted fibers becomes much more prominent with multiple cycles. Penetration of coconut oil in hair strands makes the fiber core more flexible and thus helps negotiate the torsional stress at the time of extension.
CONCLUSIONS
Product benefit discrimination in single-strand testing can be amplified by combining multiple stresses in one testing methodology. Observing the consumer habits and incorporating the torsion component in standard tensile testing of hair helps differentiate the two commonly used hair oiling treatments. Coconut oil was found to significantly increase the tensile strength of twisted fibers owing to its penetration inside hair core.
Topics: Animals; Coconut Oil; Hair; Hair Preparations; Humans; Mineral Oil; Tensile Strength
PubMed: 32949101
DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13724 -
Journal of Food Protection Mar 2021Cucumbers found in retail markets are often waxed to improve visual appeal and retard moisture loss. This waxing may affect bacterial survival, and the waxing process...
ABSTRACT
Cucumbers found in retail markets are often waxed to improve visual appeal and retard moisture loss. This waxing may affect bacterial survival, and the waxing process may facilitate cross-contamination between cucumbers. This study assessed the survival of Salmonella on waxed and unwaxed cucumbers and the potential for Salmonella cross-contamination during the waxing process. Fresh waxed or unwaxed cucumbers were spot inoculated with a cocktail of Salmonella enterica strains. Three different wax coatings (mineral oil, vegetable oil, or petroleum wax) were manually applied to unwaxed cucumbers using polyethylene brushes. Salmonella transfer from inoculated cucumbers to the brush or to uninoculated cucumbers was quantified. Higher Salmonella concentrations were observed on waxed cucumbers during the first 3 days of storage, but the final concentration on unwaxed cucumbers was higher than on waxed cucumbers at the end of storage, regardless of storage temperature. The wax formulation did affect the survival of Salmonella inoculated directly into waxes, with a significant decline in Salmonella populations observed in vegetable-based wax coating but with populations unchanged over 7 days at 7 or 21°C in mineral oil-based and petroleum-based waxes. Salmonella cells could transfer from inoculated unwaxed cucumbers to brushes used for waxing and then to uninoculated cucumbers during waxing. A significantly higher log percentage of transfer to brushes was observed when cucumbers were waxed with vegetable oil (0.71 log percent, P = 0.00441) than with mineral oil (0.06 log percent) or petroleum (0.05 log percent). Transfer to uninoculated cucumbers via brushes was also quantified (0.18 to 0.35 log percent transfer). Salmonella remaining on contaminated cucumbers after waxing could be detected for up to 7 days, and Salmonella survived better on cucumbers treated with a petroleum-based wax. These findings should be useful in managing the risk of Salmonella contamination in cucumbers during postharvest handling.
Topics: Colony Count, Microbial; Cucumis sativus; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Temperature; Waxes
PubMed: 33125056
DOI: 10.4315/JFP-20-375 -
Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A,... May 2020Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) are known to be mixtures of non-identified substances, which can migrate from, , recycled food packaging into food products. Such...
Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) are known to be mixtures of non-identified substances, which can migrate from, , recycled food packaging into food products. Such substances may have carcinogenic potential, which leads to a need to avoid their migration into food. In this article, we investigate the possible use of food simulants and model substances to simplify migration approaches. Tenax and Sorb-Star were chosen as simulant media. To stage the action of known components as a replacement for the migration of MOH, 16 single substances, including -alkanes and aromatic compounds, were used. Kinetic studies were carried out at a maximum of 60°C with contact times of up to 14 days in touching contact with a medium or in gas-phase transfer to it. The results demonstrated that migration was predominantly a function of temperature, time and contact type, but it was also dependant on the molecular weight and polarity of the substances. Due to their low polarity, alkanes showed higher migration to the lipophilic food simulants than did pure aromatics without alkylation. Additionally, alkylated aromatics represent mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) more realistically. In contrast to Tenax in the gas-phase transition, Tenax in touching contact may lead to overestimated values at higher temperatures. Migration values for Sorb-Star are in similar regions for both contact types. However, the values of the touching contact experiments were slightly higher than those of the gas-phase transfer. The results for Sorb-Star and Tenax with transport solely over the gas phase are also in good agreement. Sorb-Star generally represents an optimal simulant for chunky foods, whereas Tenax seems a good simulant for food types with a high contact surface. Temperatures up to 40°C are appropriate for most types of migration experiments, whereas 60°C should only be used as an option for experiments with Sorb-Star.
Topics: Food Analysis; Food Contamination; Food Packaging; Hydrocarbons; Mineral Oil; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Paper; Particle Size; Surface Properties
PubMed: 32023179
DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1714750