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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2019An overview of modern methods used in the preparation and characterization of molybdenum-containing enzymes is presented, with an emphasis on those methods that have...
An overview of modern methods used in the preparation and characterization of molybdenum-containing enzymes is presented, with an emphasis on those methods that have been developed over the past decade to address specific difficulties frequently encountered in studies of these enzymes.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Metalloproteins; Molybdenum; Oxygen
PubMed: 30317474
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8864-8_4 -
Science Advances Sep 2022Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects millions of people each year. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in the progress of IBD...
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects millions of people each year. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in the progress of IBD and will be a potential therapeutic target. Here, we synthesize a kind of oral zero-valent-molybdenum nanodots (ZVMNs) for the treatment of IBD by scavenging ROS. These ultrasmall ZVMNs can successfully pass through the gastric acid and then be absorbed by the intestine. It has been verified that ZVMNs can down-regulate the quantity of ROS and reduce colitis in a mouse IBD model without distinct side effects. In addition, RNA sequencing reveals a further mechanism that the ZVMNs can protect colon tissues from oxidative stress by inhibiting the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway and reducing the production of excessive pro-inflammatory factors. Together, the ZVMNs will offer a promising alternative treatment option for patients suffering from IBD.
Topics: Animals; Colitis; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Metal Nanoparticles; Mice; Molybdenum; NF-kappa B; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 36112678
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9882 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) May 2018Molybdenum, a trace element essential for micro-organisms, plants, and animals, was discovered in 1778 by a Swedish chemist named Karl Scheele. Initially mistaken for...
Molybdenum, a trace element essential for micro-organisms, plants, and animals, was discovered in 1778 by a Swedish chemist named Karl Scheele. Initially mistaken for lead, molybdenum was named after the Greek work molybdos, meaning lead-like. In the 1930s, it was recognized that ingestion of forage with high amounts of molybdenum by cattle caused a debilitating condition. In the 1950s, the essentiality of molybdenum was established with the discovery of the first molybdenum-containing enzymes. In humans, only 4 enzymes requiring molybdenum have been identified to date: sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC). Sulfite oxidase, an enzyme found in mitochondria, catalyzes oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the final step in oxidation of sulfur amino acids (cysteine and methionine). Xanthine oxidase converts hypoxanthine to xanthine, and further converts xanthine to uric acid, preventing hypoxanthine, formed from spontaneous deamination of adenine, from leading to DNA mutations if paired with cytosine in place of thymine. Aldehyde oxidase is abundant in the liver and is an important enzyme in phase 1 drug metabolism. Finally, mARC, discovered less than a decade ago, works in concert with cytochrome b5 type B and NAD(H) cytochrome b5 reductase to reduce a variety of N-hydroxylated substrates, although the physiologic significance is still unclear. In the case of each of the molybdenum enzymes, activity is catalyzed via a tricyclic cofactor composed of a pterin, a dithiolene, and a pyran ring, called molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) (1).
Topics: Animals; Coenzymes; Cytochromes b5; Diet; Humans; Liver; Metalloproteins; Mitochondria; Molybdenum; Molybdenum Cofactors; Oxidoreductases; Pteridines; Trace Elements
PubMed: 29767695
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmx001 -
Journal of Experimental Botany Mar 2022Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element for almost all living organisms. After being taken up into the cells as molybdate, it is incorporated into the molybdenum... (Review)
Review
Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element for almost all living organisms. After being taken up into the cells as molybdate, it is incorporated into the molybdenum cofactor, which functions as the active site of several molybdenum-requiring enzymes and thus plays crucial roles in multiple biological processes. The uptake and transport of molybdate is mainly mediated by two types of molybdate transporters. The homeostasis of Mo in plant cells is tightly controlled, and such homeostasis likely plays vital roles in plant adaptation to local environments. Recent evidence suggests that Mo is more than an essential element required for plant growth and development; it is also involved in local adaptation to coastal salinity. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on molybdate uptake and transport, molybdenum homeostasis network in plants, and discuss the potential roles of the molybdate transporter in plant adaptation to their local environment.
Topics: Biological Transport; Membrane Transport Proteins; Molybdenum
PubMed: 34864981
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab534 -
Journal of Biological Inorganic... Mar 2015
Topics: Chemistry, Bioinorganic; Enzymes; Molybdenum; Tungsten
PubMed: 25666397
DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1243-9 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022For most organisms molybdenum is essential for life as it is found in the active site of various vitally important molybdenum dependent enzymes (Mo-enzymes). Here,... (Review)
Review
For most organisms molybdenum is essential for life as it is found in the active site of various vitally important molybdenum dependent enzymes (Mo-enzymes). Here, molybdenum is bound to a pterin derivative called molybdopterin (MPT), thus forming the molybdenum cofactor (Moco). Synthesis of Moco involves the consecutive action of numerous enzymatic reaction steps, whereby molybdenum insertases (Mo-insertases) catalyze the final maturation step, i.e., the metal insertion reaction yielding Moco. This final maturation step is subdivided into two partial reactions, each catalyzed by a distinctive Mo-insertase domain. Initially, MPT is adenylylated by the Mo-insertase G-domain, yielding MPT-AMP which is used as substrate by the E-domain. This domain catalyzes the insertion of molybdate into the MPT dithiolene moiety, leading to the formation of Moco-AMP. Finally, the Moco-AMP phosphoanhydride bond is cleaved by the E-domain to liberate Moco from its synthesizing enzyme. Thus formed, Moco is physiologically active and may be incorporated into the different Mo-enzymes or bind to carrier proteins instead.
Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; Catalytic Domain; Coenzymes; Metalloproteins; Molybdenum; Molybdenum Cofactors; Pterins
PubMed: 36080140
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175372 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Aug 2022Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS) is an ultrathin nanomaterial with a high degree of anisotropy, surface-to-volume ratio, chemical functionality and... (Review)
Review
Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS) is an ultrathin nanomaterial with a high degree of anisotropy, surface-to-volume ratio, chemical functionality and mechanical strength. These properties together enable MoS to emerge as a potent nanomaterial for diverse biomedical applications including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, biosensing and bioelectronics. Thus, understanding the interactions of MoS with its biological interface becomes indispensable. These interactions, referred to as "nano-bio" interactions, play a key role in determining the biocompatibility and the pathways through which the nanomaterial influences molecular, cellular and biological function. Herein, we provide a critical overview of the nano-bio interactions of MoS and emphasize on how these interactions dictate its biomedical applications including intracellular trafficking, biodistribution and biodegradation. Also, a critical evaluation of the interactions of MoS with proteins and specific cell types such as immune cells and progenitor/stem cells is illustrated which governs the short-term and long-term compatibility of MoS-based biomedical devices.
Topics: Disulfides; Humans; Molybdenum; Nanostructures; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 35636569
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114361 -
Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces... Oct 2022As an effective non-noble, molybdenum carbide (MoC: MoC or MoC) has attracted extensive attention and is regarded as a promising research area in the near future owing... (Review)
Review
As an effective non-noble, molybdenum carbide (MoC: MoC or MoC) has attracted extensive attention and is regarded as a promising research area in the near future owing to its good biocompatibility, high stability, band gap adjustability, rich valence states, and excellent catalytic activity. This Perspective summarizes the recent progress and achievements for the molybdenum carbide-based catalysts. First, the crystal and band structures of molybdenum carbides are generally presented. Second, various modifying strategies for molybdenum carbides are outlined to enhance the photocatalytic performance, including doping engineering, vacancy engineering, morphology and structure engineering, and the establishment of molybdenum carbide-based composite catalysts. Finally, potential applications in the photocatalysis area of molybdenum carbide-based photocatalyst are generalized. Future development trends and perspective for this promising material are also discussed.
Topics: Molybdenum; Catalysis
PubMed: 36245364
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01887 -
Biosensors Jan 2022The use of nanoprobes in sensors is a popular way to amplify their analytical performance. Coupled with two-dimensional nanomaterials, nanoprobes have been widely used... (Review)
Review
The use of nanoprobes in sensors is a popular way to amplify their analytical performance. Coupled with two-dimensional nanomaterials, nanoprobes have been widely used to construct fluorescence, electrochemical, electrochemiluminescence (ECL), colorimetric, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors for target molecules' detection due to their extraordinary signal amplification effect. The MoS nanosheet is an emerging layered nanomaterial with excellent chemical and physical properties, which has been considered as an ideal supporting substrate to design nanoprobes for the construction of sensors. Herein, the development and application of molybdenum disulfide (MoS)-based nanoprobes is reviewed. First, the preparation principle of MoS-based nanoprobes was introduced. Second, the sensing application of MoS-based nanoprobes was summarized. Finally, the prospect and challenge of MoS-based nanoprobes in future were discussed.
Topics: Disulfides; Molybdenum; Nanostructures; Surface Plasmon Resonance
PubMed: 35200348
DOI: 10.3390/bios12020087 -
Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry Oct 2022Resonance Raman spectroscopy (rR) is a powerful spectroscopic probe that is widely used for studying the geometric and electronic structure of metalloproteins. In this... (Review)
Review
Resonance Raman spectroscopy (rR) is a powerful spectroscopic probe that is widely used for studying the geometric and electronic structure of metalloproteins. In this focused review, we detail how resonance Raman spectroscopy has contributed to a greater understanding of electronic structure, geometric structure, and the reaction mechanisms of pyranopterin molybdenum enzymes. The review focuses on the enzymes sulfite oxidase (SO), dimethyl sulfoxide reductase (DMSOR), xanthine oxidase (XO), and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Specifically, we highlight how Mo-O, Mo-S, Mo-S, and dithiolene CC vibrational modes, isotope and heavy atom perturbations, resonance enhancement, and associated Raman studies of small molecule analogs have provided detailed insight into the nature of these metalloenzyme active sites.
Topics: Coenzymes; Metalloproteins; Models, Molecular; Molybdenum; Pterins; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 35932756
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111907