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Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology Jan 2024Bidirectional fermentation is a technology that utilizes fungi to ferment medicinal edible substrates, with synergistic and complementary advantages. In this work, a...
Bidirectional fermentation is a technology that utilizes fungi to ferment medicinal edible substrates, with synergistic and complementary advantages. In this work, a fermentation strategy was established to produce a high yield of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and pigments (MPs) using and mulberry leaves (MLs). Firstly, the basic fermentation parameters were determined using single-factor experiments, followed by Plackett-Burman (PB) experimental design to identify MLs, glucose, peptone, and temperature as significant influencing factors. The fermentation parameters were optimized using an artificial neural network (ANN). Finally, the effects of bidirectional fermentation of MLs and were investigated by bioactivity analysis, microstructure observation, and RT-qPCR. The outcomes showed that the bidirectional fermentation significantly increased the bioactive content and promoted the secondary metabolism of . The established fermentation conditions were 44.2 g/L of MLs, 57 g/L of glucose, 15 g/L of peptone, 1 g/L of MgSO, 2 g/L of KHPO, 8% (v/v) of inoculum, 180 rpm, initial pH 6, 32 °C and 8 days. The content of GABA reached 13.95 g/L and the color value of MPs reached 408.07 U/mL. This study demonstrated the feasibility of bidirectional fermentation of MLs and , providing a new idea for the application of MLs and .
Topics: Fermentation; Monascus; Morus; Peptones; Pigments, Biological; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glucose
PubMed: 37139803
DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2207111 -
Journal of Food Protection Mar 2023Biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments cause potential source of cross-contamination to foodstuffs; hence, the control of biofilm is...
Biofilm formation of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments cause potential source of cross-contamination to foodstuffs; hence, the control of biofilm is currently addressed to find effective solutions for preventing biofilm formation or eliminating the established one. Forty-five strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from Pangasius fish-processing plants were studied for their capability to form a biofilm on 96-well microtiter plate by using the conventional crystal violet staining. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of biofilm formation by food additives including monascus pigment and ε-polylysine was examined. The average OD value showing biofilm mass of all 45 strains L. monocytogenes increased with an increasing temperature and time (p < 0.05). Monascus pigment and ε-polylysine significantly decreased biofilm formation by 80 ± 5.5% and 20 ± 5.9%, respectively, at the tested concentration (p < 0.05) Further, the effects of lysozyme (0.1 mg/mL) alone or in combination with slightly acidic hypochlorous water (SAHW) with 40 mg/L available chlorine or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with 100 mg/L available chlorine against 7-d established biofilm of L. monocytogenes were investigated. The results indicated that slightly acidic hypochlorous water alone exhibited significant antibacterial activity (p < 0.05), decreasing the viable count by 5.2 ± 0.5 log CFU/mL. It seems that sequential treatment of lysozyme and SAHW showed an additional efficacy against biofilm of L. monocytogenes on polystyrene plate surface, reducing 70% of biomass of biofilm and 7.6 ± 0.3 log of biofilm viable cells (p < 0.05). Additionally, SAHW exhibited greater bactericidal activity against viable biofilm cells than NaOCl did. This result reveals that SAHW is a promising disinfectant agent against L. monocytogenes and the potential alternative to NaOCl in practice.
Topics: Animals; Listeria monocytogenes; Muramidase; Chlorine; Polylysine; Stainless Steel; Biofilms; Catfishes; Water; Colony Count, Microbial
PubMed: 36916551
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100044 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Oct 2020Monascus-fermented rice has been used to treat digestive disorder and promote blood circulation in China and other Asian countries for centuries. However, the effects...
Monascus purpureus-fermented common buckwheat protects against dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through the regulation of liver metabolome and intestinal microbiome.
Monascus-fermented rice has been used to treat digestive disorder and promote blood circulation in China and other Asian countries for centuries. However, the effects and mechanisms of Monascus purpureus-fermented common buckwheat (HQ) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dyslipidemia are unclear. Here, oral supplementation of HQ significantly inhibited the abnormal growth of body weight and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), prevented the hypertrophy of epididymal adipocytes, ameliorated some biochemical parameters of serum and liver related to lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFD). Histological analysis also showed that the excessive accumulation of lipid droplets in the livers induced by HFD-feeding was greatly alleviated by HQ supplementation. Metagenomic analysis revealed that HQ supplementation made significant structural changes in the intestinal microflora of mice fed with HFD. The Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that physiological index, serum and liver lipid profiles were positively correlated with Bacteroidales S24-7, Streptococcus, Allobaculum, and Clostridiales XIII, but negatively associated with Lactobacillus, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214 group, Ruminiclostridium, and Alistipes. UPLC-QTOF/MS-based liver metabolomics demonstrated that HQ intervention had significant regulatory effects on the metabolic pathways of primary bile acid biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, etc. Additionally, HQ intervention regulated the mRNA levels of hepatic genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and bile acid homeostasis. Collectively, these findings present new evidence supporting that HQ has the potential to ameliorate dyslipidemia and NAFLD via modulating the intestinal microbial populations and hepatic metabolite profile in hyperlipidemic mice induced by HFD.
Topics: Animals; Asia; China; Diet, High-Fat; Fagopyrum; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Metabolome; Mice; Monascus; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
PubMed: 32846589
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109511 -
Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023This study is focused on the preparation, characterization, and multifunctional properties of intelligent hybrid nanopigments. The hybrid nanopigments with excellent...
Preparation of Hybrid Nanopigments with Excellent Environmental Stability, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties Based on Red and Sepiolite by One-Step Grinding Process.
This study is focused on the preparation, characterization, and multifunctional properties of intelligent hybrid nanopigments. The hybrid nanopigments with excellent environmental stability and antibacterial and antioxidant properties were fabricated based on natural red, surfactant, and sepiolite via a facile one-step grinding process. The density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the surfactants loaded on sepiolite were in favor of enhancing the electrostatic, coordination, and hydrogen bonding interactions between red and sepiolite. Thus, the obtained hybrid nanopigments exhibited excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties, with an inhibition effect on Gram-positive bacteria that was superior to that of Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, the scavenging activity on DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals as well as the reducing power of hybrid nanopigments were higher than those of hybrid nanopigments prepared without the addition of the surfactant. Inspired by nature, gas-sensitive reversible alochroic superamphiphobic coatings with excellent thermal and chemical stability were successfully designed by combining hybrid nanopigments and fluorinated polysiloxane. Therefore, intelligent multifunctional hybrid nanopigments have great application foreground in related fields.
PubMed: 37299695
DOI: 10.3390/nano13111792 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021Red yeast rice has been used to produce alcoholic beverages and various fermented foods in China and Korea since ancient times; it has also been used to produce... (Review)
Review
A Review of Red Yeast Rice, a Traditional Fermented Food in Japan and East Asia: Its Characteristic Ingredients and Application in the Maintenance and Improvement of Health in Lipid Metabolism and the Circulatory System.
Red yeast rice has been used to produce alcoholic beverages and various fermented foods in China and Korea since ancient times; it has also been used to produce (Okinawan-style fermented tofu) in Japan since the 18th century. Recently, monacolin K (lovastatin) which has cholesterol-lowering effects, was found in some strains of fungi. Since statins have been used world-wide as a cholesterol-lowering agent, processed foods containing natural statins are drawing attention as materials for primary prevention of life-style related diseases. In recent years, large-scale commercial production of red yeast rice using traditional solid-state fermentation has become possible, and various useful materials, including a variety of monascus pigments (polyketides) that spread as natural pigments, in addition to statins, are produced in the fermentation process. Red yeast rice has a lot of potential as a medicinal food. In this paper, we describe the history of red yeast rice as food, especially in Japan and East Asia, its production methods, use, and the ingredients with pharmacological activity. We then review evidence of the beneficial effects of red yeast rice in improving lipid metabolism and the circulatory system and its safety as a functional food.
Topics: Animals; Biological Products; Cardiovascular System; Fermented Foods; Humans; Japan; Lipid Metabolism
PubMed: 33803982
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061619 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Nov 2020Red yeast rice (RYR), produced by inoculating Monascus strains to steamed rice, contains many kinds of physiologically bioactive compounds, among which monacolin K can...
Screening and identification of Monascus strains with high-yield monacolin K and undetectable citrinin by integration of HPLC analysis and pksCT and ctnA genes amplification.
AIMS
Red yeast rice (RYR), produced by inoculating Monascus strains to steamed rice, contains many kinds of physiologically bioactive compounds, among which monacolin K can be used as an antihypercholesterolaemic agent. However, RYR can be polluted by the mycotoxin citrinin, which has nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic activities. To avoid the risk of citrinin contamination in Monascus fermented products, it is important to screen for Monascus strains that produce no or low citrinin.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Five autochthonous Monascus strains with high-yield monacolin K and undetectable citrinin were obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All five strains were identified as Monascus ruber based on Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition criteria. Polymerase chain reaction revealed that citrinin polyketide synthase (pksCT) gene was found in these strains, but transcriptional regulator (ctnA) was not found.
CONCLUSIONS
Five strains are potential strains for producing high-quality RYR. The distribution of the pksCT gene was not restricted to Monascus purpureus and Monascus sanguineus, and M. ruber strains were diverse in pksCT and ctnA genes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
The integration of citrinin HPLC analysis and pksCT and ctnA genes amplification could provide a complementary approach in valuable Monascus strains screening.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrinin; Fermentation; Industrial Microbiology; Lovastatin; Monascus; Phylogeny; Polyketide Synthases; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Trans-Activators
PubMed: 32357272
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14689 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022
PubMed: 36406431
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1075162 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Amino acids could act as nitrogen sources, amido group donors, or bioactive molecules in fungi fermentation, and consequently, play important roles in pigments (MPs)...
Amino acids could act as nitrogen sources, amido group donors, or bioactive molecules in fungi fermentation, and consequently, play important roles in pigments (MPs) biosynthesis. But the understanding of the effects of various amino acids on MPs biosynthesis is still incomprehensive. In this work, 20 free amino acids were added to the fermentation medium to evaluate their effects on MPs biosynthesis in RP2. Six amino acids, namely, histidine (HIS), lysine (LYS), tyrosine (TYR), phenylalanine (PHE), methionine (MET), and cysteine (CYS), were selected as the valuable ones as they exerted significant effects on the production yield and even on the biosynthesis metabolic curves of MPs. Moreover, the dose-dependent and synergistic effects of valuable amino acids on MPs biosynthesis were observed by tests of serial concentrations and different combinations. In addition, it revealed that HIS and MET were the prominent amino acids with dominant and universal influences on MPs biosynthesis. The analog compounds of HIS (amitrole) and MET [calcium 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)] were added to the fermentation medium, and the results further confirmed the extraordinary effects of HIS and MET and their analogs on MPs biosynthesis. Furthermore, the gene transcription profile indicated that a differential expression pattern was observed in the polyketide synthase (PKS) cluster responsible for MPs biosynthesis in response to HIS and MET, revealing that they could oppositely regulate MPs biosynthesis in different ways. These findings would benefit the understanding of MPs biosynthesis regulation mechanism in and contribute to the industrial production of MPs by fermentation.
PubMed: 35910612
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951266 -
Food Chemistry Jul 2016Citrinin is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin which can be synthesized by Monascus mold during the fermentation process in foods. Monascus, generally described as red mold, is a...
Citrinin is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin which can be synthesized by Monascus mold during the fermentation process in foods. Monascus, generally described as red mold, is a red-pigmented filamentous fungus attracting a great interest for the production of natural dyes and cholesterol-lowering statins. We individuated a specie of Monascus producing high amount of natural dyes. However, this high pigmentation was correlated with the production of citrinin. Peculiar magnetic nanoparticles, synthesized in-house and called "Surface Active Maghemite Nanoparticles" (SAMNs), are proposed as an efficient and reliable mean for citrinin removal from Monascus treated foods. The nanomaterial efficiency for citrinin binding was proved on Monascus suspensions, and SAMN@citrinin complex was characterized by Mӧssbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements, showing that SAMNs resulted structurally and magnetically well conserved after citrinin binding. SAMNs are excellent and stable magnetic nano-carrier for toxin removal, which can be applied in food industry.
Topics: Citrinin; Fermentation; Food Coloring Agents; Food Contamination; Food Industry; Magnetite Nanoparticles; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Monascus; Spectroscopy, Mossbauer; Surface Properties
PubMed: 26948644
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.147 -
Food Chemistry Nov 2022Monascus red pigments are widely used in the food industry, mainly as intracellular red pigments. The low yields of extracellular red pigments (ERPs) make them...
Monascus red pigments are widely used in the food industry, mainly as intracellular red pigments. The low yields of extracellular red pigments (ERPs) make them unsuitable for large-scale industrial production. Herein, a novel integrated fermentation system (IFS) consisting of sodium starch octenyl succinate and Triton X-100 was explored for increasing yield, resulting in an ERP yield of 126.7 U/mL, 82.6% higher production than controls (69.4 U/mL). Major ERP components in control fermentations were monascopyridine A and monascopyridine B, but dehydro derivatives, rubropunctamine and monascorubramine, predominated in the test fermentations, presumably due to polyketide oxidation induced by Triton X-100. Improvement of hyphal morphology, membrane permeability, respiratory activity, and gene expression for red pigment biosynthesis is likely to be critical to increase yield and change the compositions. This study provides an effective strategy to accelerate the biosynthesis and secretion of Monascus pigments.
Topics: Fermentation; Monascus; Octoxynol; Pigments, Biological; Polyketides; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 35759840
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133545