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Scientific Reports Apr 2024Mood swings, or mood variability, are associated with negative mental health outcomes. Since adolescence is a time when mood disorder onset peaks, mood variability...
Mood swings, or mood variability, are associated with negative mental health outcomes. Since adolescence is a time when mood disorder onset peaks, mood variability during this time is of significant interest. Understanding biological factors that might be associated with mood variability, such as sleep and structural brain development, could elucidate the mechanisms underlying mood and anxiety disorders. Data from the longitudinal Leiden self-concept study (N = 191) over 5 yearly timepoints was used to study the association between sleep, brain structure, and mood variability in healthy adolescents aged 11-21 at baseline in this pre-registered study. Sleep was measured both objectively, using actigraphy, as well as subjectively, using a daily diary self-report. Negative mood variability was defined as day-to-day negative mood swings over a period of 5 days after an MRI scan. It was found that negative mood variability peaked in mid-adolescence in females while it linearly increased in males, and average negative mood showed a similar pattern. Sleep duration (subjective and objective) generally decreased throughout adolescence, with a larger decrease in males. Mood variability was not associated with sleep, but average negative mood was associated with lower self-reported energy. In addition, higher thickness in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) compared to same-age peers, suggesting a delayed thinning process, was associated with higher negative mood variability in early and mid-adolescence. Together, this study provides an insight into the development of mood variability and its association with brain structure.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Male; Humans; Adolescent Development; Mood Disorders; Sleep; Brain; Actigraphy
PubMed: 38609481
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59227-9 -
Pharmacological Research Jan 2021Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and cyclic mental disorder, characterized by unusual mood swings between mania/hypomania and depression, raising concern in both... (Review)
Review
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and cyclic mental disorder, characterized by unusual mood swings between mania/hypomania and depression, raising concern in both scientific and medical communities due to its deleterious social and economic impact. Polypharmacy is the rule due to the partial effectiveness of available drugs. Disease course is often unremitting, resulting in frequent cognitive deficits over time. Despite all research efforts in identifying BD-associated molecular mechanisms, current knowledge remains limited. However, the involvement of inflammation in BD pathophysiology is increasingly consensual, with the immune system and neuroinflammation playing a key role in disease course. Evidence includes altered levels of cytokines and acute-phase proteins, pathological microglial activation, deregulation of Nrf2-Keap1 system and changes in biogenic amines neurotransmitters, whose expression is regulated by TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine highly involved in BD, pointing out inflammation as a novel and attractive therapeutic target for BD. As result, new therapeutic agents including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, N-acetylcysteine and GSK3 inhibitors have been incorporated in BD treatment. Taking into consideration the latest pre-clinical and clinical trials, in this review we discuss recent data regarding inflammation in BD, unveiling potential therapeutic approaches through direct or indirect modulation of inflammatory response.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Inflammation
PubMed: 33278569
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105325 -
Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica : a... Sep 2021Bipolar affective disorder is a chronic illness that usually causes significant psychosocial deficits and functional impairment and is also associated with excess... (Review)
Review
Bipolar affective disorder is a chronic illness that usually causes significant psychosocial deficits and functional impairment and is also associated with excess mortality. It is underlied by an endogenous pathology with pharmacotherapy as primary treatment. However, in many cases, medication treatment alone is associated with limited adherence, low remission rates, increased potential for relapse and residual symptoms, which is why bipolarity-specific psychotherapeutic interventions are increasingly gaining ground as an integral part of the management of the disease. An increasing amount of research and evidence suggest that complementary psychotherapeutic interventions improve patients' long-term functioning, and argue for the involvement of psychologists and other helping professionals in the long-term care of patients with bipolar disorder. In this article we overview the major therapeutic methods specifically targeted at this group of patients, including individual and group psychoeducation, cognitive behavioural therapy, family therapy, Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT), Integrated Care Management, Think Effectively About Mood Swings (TEAMS), Imagery Based Emotion Regulation (IBER), and other individual and group techniques and psychotherapeutic interventions, also mentioning efficacy studies and effects experienced by patients.
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Family Therapy; Humans; Psychotherapy; Psychotropic Drugs
PubMed: 34751022
DOI: No ID Found -
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology May 2020Bipolar disorder is a lifelong mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings between mania and depression. Despite fitness costs associated with increased mortality... (Review)
Review
Bipolar disorder is a lifelong mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings between mania and depression. Despite fitness costs associated with increased mortality and significant impairment, bipolar disorder has persisted in the population with a high heritability and a stable prevalence. Creativity and other positive traits have repeatedly been associated with the bipolar spectrum, particularly among unaffected first-degree relatives and those with milder expressions of bipolar traits. This suggests a model in which large doses of risk variants cause illness, but mild to moderate doses confer advantages, which serve to maintain bipolar disorder in the population. Bipolar disorder may thus be better conceptualized as a dimensional trait existing at the extreme of normal population variation in positive temperament, personality, and cognitive traits, aspects of which may reflect a shared vulnerability with creativity. Investigations of this shared vulnerability may provide insight into the genetic mechanisms underlying illness and suggest novel treatments.
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Creativity; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans
PubMed: 32040337
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095449 -
The Practitioner Mar 2015The postnatal period appears to be associated with higher rates of adjustment disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, and depression. Women who have a history of serious... (Review)
Review
The postnatal period appears to be associated with higher rates of adjustment disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, and depression. Women who have a history of serious mental illness are at higher risk of developing a postpartum relapse, even if they have been well during pregnancy. Psychiatric causes of maternal death are more common than some direct causes of death. UK rates increased from 13/100,000 in 2006-2008 to 16/100,000 in 2010-2012, higher than, for example, mortality caused by haemorrhage or anaesthetic complications of childbirth. Postnatal depression is more severe than baby blues, follows a chronic course and may relapse outside the perinatal period. Although 13% of patients already have depression in pregnancy, the majority tend to be diagnosed after delivery; up to 19% from childbirth to three months postpartum. NICE recommends using the Two Question Depression Screen and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale from the booking visit through to one year postpartum. A positive response to depression or anxiety questions warrants a full assessment using either PHQ-9 or the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Bipolar disorder may present as a first depressive episode in pregnancy or the postnatal period. In the postpartum period women have a high risk of severe relapse. Postpartum psychosis has a sudden and dramatic presentation with delusions, mania, severe depression, or mixed episodes with wide fluctuations of symptoms and severe mood swings.
Topics: Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Female; Humans; Mood Disorders; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Puerperal Disorders
PubMed: 26062269
DOI: No ID Found -
La Revue Du Praticien May 2020When should we use antidepressant medications in children? Antidepressant medication may not be considered as a first-line treatment in children; psychotherapeutic...
When should we use antidepressant medications in children? Antidepressant medication may not be considered as a first-line treatment in children; psychotherapeutic treatments should always be preferentially used. At this age, the efficacy of SSRI is regarded as low to moderate for depression, but moderate to high for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and anxiety disorders. When an antidepressant medication is prescribed, a SSRI should always be used first. In particular, fluoxetine is the most studied SSRI and the only medication who received approval by the French regulatory authority. Sertraline and fluvoxamine which have been approved for OCD should preferentially be used for that purpose. During the first 4 weeks, clinicians should actively monitor the onset of side effects, especially mood swings and suicidal behavior. The onset or increase of suicidal thoughts during SSRI treatment would concern about 1 out of 100 young patients treated. This risk is maximal during the first four weeks following the introduction of the SSRI and should progressively decrease after one month. When used in children, antidepressant medication can only be used in association with psychotherapeutic treatments and psychosocial interventions targeting the maintaining factors perpetuating the cycle of affective symptoms.
Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Anxiety Disorders; Child; Humans; Mood Disorders; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Psychotropic Drugs
PubMed: 33058633
DOI: No ID Found -
Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2023Individuals with Parkinson's disease present arm swing alterations that can adversely affect their locomotion. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Individuals with Parkinson's disease present arm swing alterations that can adversely affect their locomotion.
OBJECTIVE
To identify differences in arm swing asymmetry (ASA) between individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy individuals and to investigate the relationship between ASA, temporal-spatial gait parameters, and disease progression.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost up to February 2023. Cross-sectional studies evaluating parameters of arm swing (AS) and ASA were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Checklist, and the quality of the evidence was measured with a modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.
RESULTS
Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review (1130 participants). Irrespective of the medication phase (ON or OFF) and the type of walk test employed, the meta-analysis showed moderate-quality evidence that individuals with PD have increased ASA amplitude (SMD = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.99; I²= 0%).Very low-quality evidence suggests higher ASA velocity (SMD=0.64; 95% CI: 0.24, 1.05; I²=59%) and lower AS amplitude on both the most affected (ES = -1.99, 95% CI: -3.04, -0.94, I: 91%) and the least affected sides (ES = -0.75, 95% CI: -1.05, -0.44; I²=66%). Meta-regression indicated that ASA is inversely related to disease duration (Z: -2.4892, P< 0.05) and motor symptoms progression (Z: -2.1336, P< 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Regardless of the medication phase and the type of walk test employed, individuals with PD exhibited greater ASA and decreased AS amplitude than healthy individuals. ASA decreases as the disease progresses and symptoms worsen.
Topics: Humans; Parkinson Disease; Walking; Arm; Cross-Sectional Studies; Biomechanical Phenomena; Gait
PubMed: 37980716
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2023.100559 -
Swing Phase Mechanics of Maximal Velocity Sprints-Does Isokinetic Lower-Limb Muscle Strength Matter?International Journal of Sports... Jul 2021Concentric hip and eccentric knee joint mechanics affect sprint performance. Although the biarticular hamstrings combine these capacities, empirical links between swing...
PURPOSE
Concentric hip and eccentric knee joint mechanics affect sprint performance. Although the biarticular hamstrings combine these capacities, empirical links between swing phase mechanics and corresponding isokinetic outcome parameters are deficient. This explorative study aimed (1) to explain the variance of sprint velocity, (2) to compare maximal sprints with isokinetic tests, (3) to associate swing phase mechanics with isokinetic parameters, and (4) to quantify the relation between knee and hip joint swing phase mechanics.
METHODS
A total of 22 sprinters (age = 22 y, height = 1.81 m, weight = 77 kg) performed sprints and eccentric knee flexor and concentric knee extensor tests. All exercises were captured by 10 (sprints) and 4 (isokinetics) cameras. Lower-limb muscle balance was assessed by the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point.
RESULTS
The sprint velocity (9.79 [0.49] m/s) was best predicted by the maximal knee extension velocity, hip mean power (both swing phase parameters), and isokinetic peak moment of concentric quadriceps exercise (R2 = 60%). The moment of the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point (R2 = 39%) was the isokinetic parameter with the highest predictive power itself. Knee and hip joint mechanics affected each other during sprinting. They were significantly associated with isokinetic parameters of eccentric hamstring tests, as well as moments and angles of the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point, but restrictedly with concentric quadriceps exercise. The maximal sprints imposed considerably higher loads than isokinetic tests (eg, 13-fold eccentric knee joint peak power).
CONCLUSIONS
Fast sprinters demonstrated distinctive knee and hip mechanics in the late swing phase, as well as strong eccentric hamstrings, with a clear association to the musculoarticular requirements of the swing phase in sprinting. The transferability of isokinetic knee strength data to sprinting is limited inter alia due to different hip joint configurations. However, isokinetic tests quantify specific sprint-related muscular prerequisites and constitute a useful diagnostic tool due to their predicting value to sprint performance.
Topics: Adult; Hamstring Muscles; Hip Joint; Humans; Knee Joint; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Young Adult
PubMed: 33440336
DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0423 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Jan 2023Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) benefits adults with depression while its efficacy and safety in children and adolescents with major depressive... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) benefits adults with depression while its efficacy and safety in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) remain unclear. We conducted a preliminary meta-analysis here to objectively appraise rTMS in the youth with MDD to inform future research and clinical practice.
METHODS
We searched Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from their inception to December 1, 2021. Studies with a control group or self-controlled designs and evaluating the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) or the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) at baseline and post-rTMS treatment were included. Two reviewers independently selected eligible studies, retrieved data in a structured fashion and assessed studies' quality. Hedges'g with 95 % confidence intervals and withdrawal rate with 95 % confidential intervals were separately used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rTMS.
RESULTS
Thirteen studies with six datasets (165 patients, 61.8 % female, age range from 10 to 25 years old) were included and our meta-analysis found children and adolescents with MDD benefited from rTMS treatment (Hedges'g 1.37, 95 % CI 0.85 to 1.90, P = 0.001). In addition, 4 % of patients (95 % CI 0.02 to 0.09) withdrew during rTMS treatment for reasons including fear, mood swings, suicide ideation and adverse events.
LIMITATIONS
This conclusion is tempered by a small number of studies included and a potentially existing placebo effect.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest rTMS could benefit children and adolescents with MDD in a relatively safe manner, and this result may help guide clinical practice.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Young Adult; Male; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Depressive Disorder, Major; Depression; Placebo Effect; Mood Disorders; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 36174786
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.060