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Journal of Experimental Psychology.... Jan 2023People believe that effort is valuable, but what kind of value does it confer? We find that displays of effort signal moral character. Eight studies ( = 5,502)...
People believe that effort is valuable, but what kind of value does it confer? We find that displays of effort signal moral character. Eight studies ( = 5,502) demonstrate the nature of these effects in the domains of paid employment, personal fitness, and charitable fundraising. The exertion of effort is deemed morally admirable (Studies 1-6) and is monetarily rewarded (Studies 2-6), even in situations where effort does not directly generate additional product, quality, or economic value. Convergent patterns of results emerged in South Korean and French cross-cultural replications (Studies 2b and 2c). We contend that the seeming irrationality of valuing effort for its own sake, such as in situations where one's efforts do not directly increase economic output (Studies 3-6), reveals a "deeply rational" social heuristic for evaluating potential cooperation partners. Specifically, effort cues engender broad moral trait ascriptions, and this moralization of effort influences donation behaviors (Study 5) and cooperative partner choice decision-making (Studies 4 and 6). In situating our account of effort moralization into past research and theorizing, we also consider the implications of these effects for social welfare policy and the future of work. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Morals; Cues; Mental Disorders
PubMed: 35901413
DOI: 10.1037/xge0001259 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Apr 2022Moral courage, that is, defending moral beliefs despite personal risks, is often seen as a hallmark of prosocial behavior. We argue that prosociality in moral courage... (Review)
Review
Moral courage, that is, defending moral beliefs despite personal risks, is often seen as a hallmark of prosocial behavior. We argue that prosociality in moral courage is, however, complex. While its prosociality is often evident at a higher societal level, it can be contested in some aspects of morally courageous acts. We review the literature on two such aspects and highlight that differences and conflicts in moral beliefs, as well as the confrontational nature of many morally courageous acts, call into question prosociality. We recommend that future research takes the complexity of prosociality in moral courage into account to obtain a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the psychological underpinnings of moral courage and its contributions to the functioning of societies.
Topics: Altruism; Courage; Ethics, Nursing; Humans; Morals
PubMed: 34634716
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.004 -
The American Journal of Bioethics : AJOB May 2022We argue for the addition of trauma informed awareness, training, and skill in clinical ethics consultation by proposing a novel framework for Trauma Informed Ethics...
We argue for the addition of trauma informed awareness, training, and skill in clinical ethics consultation by proposing a novel framework for Trauma Informed Ethics Consultation (TIEC). This approach expands on the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities (ASBH) framework for, and key insights from feminist approaches to, ethics consultation, and the literature on trauma informed care (TIC). TIEC keeps ethics consultation in line with the provision of TIC in other clinical settings. Most crucially, TIEC (like TIC) is systematically sensitive to culture, history, difference, power, social exclusion, oppression, and marginalization. By engaging a neonatal intensive care ethics consult example, we define our TIEC approach and illustrate its application. Through TIEC we argue it is the role of ethics consultants to not only hold open moral spaces, but to furnish them in morally habitable ways for all stakeholders involved in the ethics consultation process, including patients, surrogates, and practitioners.
Topics: Bioethics; Ethicists; Ethics Consultation; Ethics, Clinical; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Morals; Referral and Consultation
PubMed: 33684027
DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1887963 -
ILAR Journal Sep 2021Some animal research is arguably morally wrong, and some animal research is morally bad but could be improved. Who is most likely to be able to identify wrong or bad... (Review)
Review
Some animal research is arguably morally wrong, and some animal research is morally bad but could be improved. Who is most likely to be able to identify wrong or bad animal research and advocate for improvements? I argue that philosophical ethicists have the expertise that makes them the likely best candidates for these tasks. I review the skills, knowledge, and perspectives that philosophical ethicists tend to have that makes them ethical experts. I argue that, insofar as Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees are expected to ensure that research is ethical, they must have philosophical ethicists as members.
Topics: Animal Care Committees; Animal Experimentation; Animals; Ethicists; Humans; Morals
PubMed: 33369619
DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa021 -
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare... Apr 2016It seems natural to think that the same prudential and ethical reasons for mutual respect and tolerance that one has vis-à-vis other human persons would hold toward...
It seems natural to think that the same prudential and ethical reasons for mutual respect and tolerance that one has vis-à-vis other human persons would hold toward newly encountered paradigmatic but nonhuman biological persons. One also tends to think that they would have similar reasons for treating we humans as creatures that count morally in our own right. This line of thought transcends biological boundaries-namely, with regard to artificially (super)intelligent persons-but is this a safe assumption? The issue concerns ultimate moral significance: the significance possessed by human persons, persons from other planets, and hypothetical nonorganic persons in the form of artificial intelligence (AI). This article investigates why our possible relations to AI persons could be more complicated than they first might appear, given that they might possess a radically different nature to us, to the point that civilized or peaceful coexistence in a determinate geographical space could be impossible to achieve.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Bioethics; Humans; Moral Obligations; Morals; Personhood; Social Responsibility; Value of Life
PubMed: 26957450
DOI: 10.1017/S0963180115000559 -
Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy Sep 2017
Topics: Biomedical Enhancement; Empathy; Ethical Theory; Humans; Moral Obligations; Morals; Social Values
PubMed: 28710657
DOI: 10.1007/s11019-017-9791-0 -
Health Care Analysis : HCA : Journal of... Dec 2020The justification for harm reduction as an approach to drug use and addiction is seen by many to be consequentialist in form and it has been claimed that as a...
The justification for harm reduction as an approach to drug use and addiction is seen by many to be consequentialist in form and it has been claimed that as a deontologist Kant would reject harm reduction. I argue this is wrong on both counts. A more nuanced understanding of harm reduction and Kant shows them compatible. Kant's own remarks about intoxication reinforce this. Moreover, there is a Kantian argument that harm reduction is not only morally permissible but more consistent with the Kantian duty of respect for autonomy than mandatory abstinence approaches.
Topics: Ethical Theory; Harm Reduction; Humans; Morals; Personal Autonomy; Philosophy; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 33064237
DOI: 10.1007/s10728-020-00408-8 -
Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie 2021Moral courage is the courage to do what you morally believe to be right, despite the presence of danger. Courage is certainly important in critical situations where... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Moral courage is the courage to do what you morally believe to be right, despite the presence of danger. Courage is certainly important in critical situations where moral values are at stake. Reflection is not enough, you have to act wisely. Moral courage bridges the gap between thinking and doing. This article first characterizes moral courage and then provides tools that can help psychiatrists to show moral courage.
AIM
To provide tools that can help psychiatrists in their professional practice to show moral courage.
METHOD
Characterizing moral courage on the basis of a case study and literature review.
RESULTS
Psychiatrists can learn courage by preparing for the dangers inherent in the job, by thinking about situations in advance, and going through and practicing possible scenarios and consequences. They can also discuss the subject in peer-to-peer meetings.
CONCLUSION
Courage is certainly important in critical situations where moral values are at stake. Reflection is then not enough, and one must act wisely. Moral courage bridges the gap between thinking and doing. Professionals are assisted in this when (professional) organizations invest in a safe and stimulating context.
Topics: Courage; Ethics, Nursing; Humans; Learning; Morals; Psychiatry
PubMed: 34757608
DOI: No ID Found -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Dec 2018A debate has emerged across disciplines about why people engage in costly helping. Empathy is one mechanism. We highlight a second, more controversial motivator: moral... (Review)
Review
A debate has emerged across disciplines about why people engage in costly helping. Empathy is one mechanism. We highlight a second, more controversial motivator: moral outrage. Integrating findings from moral psychology and intergroup literatures, we suggest outrage is a critical force for collective action and highlight directions for future research.
Topics: Emotions; Humans; Morals; Social Behavior
PubMed: 30340984
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.09.006 -
Journal of Medical Ethics Jun 2024The field of medical ethics, such as the discipline of ethics in general, has traditionally focused on moral dilemmas and quandaries at the expense of 'everyday' moral...
The field of medical ethics, such as the discipline of ethics in general, has traditionally focused on moral dilemmas and quandaries at the expense of 'everyday' moral issues. The methodologies, norms and principles of the field reflect this. Although the principle of double effect works well in adjudicating the provision of life-shortening medications to relieve pain, it fails to guide the vast majority of mundane moral decisions that providers make daily.This article contends that exemplarist medical ethics provides action guidance on everyday medical ethical issues. Further, it offers an ethical methodology that is not tethered to a comprehensive doctrine of the good.The paper develops an account of, and draws on Zagzebski's exemplarist moral theory. It then describes how medical providers can morally deliberate by appealing to exemplars. I contend there are three modes of exemplarist action guidance: dialogue, emulation and substituted judgement. It demonstrates how each of these modes guides moral deliberation regarding quotidian medical ethical issues. The article then turns to a moral exemplar of medical practice, Dr. Jim O'Connell, who Tracy Kidder profiles in his 2023 book, Rough Sleepers: Dr. Jim O'Connell's Urgent Mission to Bring Healing to Homeless People. The advantages and challenges of this approach are delineated before a brief conclusion.
Topics: Humans; Ethics, Medical; Ethical Theory; Morals; Ethical Analysis
PubMed: 37640535
DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109150